Rheumatism
Rheumatism, A General Term For Various Forms Of Disease Subdivided More Accurately As Follows: Acute Rheumatism Or Rheumatic Fever.—this Disease, The Chief Characteristics Of Which Are Inflammatory Affections Of The Joints With Severe Constitutional Disturbances, Is Usually Asso Ciated With Inflammation Of The Pericardium And Of The Valves Of The ...
Rheumatoid Arthritis
Rheumatoid Arthritis, A Disease Characterized By Destructive Changes In The Joints. Its Origin Is Unknown But It Is Probably Caused Either By Micro-organisms Themselves Affecting The Joints Or By The Absorption Of The Toxins Of Micro-organisms In Some Other Site Such As The Intestine, Or Mouth. In Many Cases Injury ...
Rhine
Rhine, One Of The Most Important Rivers In Europe. It Is About 85o M. In Length. It Rises In Switzerland, Later Forms The Boundary Between Switzerland And Austria, Then Between Switzer Land And Germany, France And Germany, Then Flows Through Ger Many And Finally Through Holland To Enter The North ...
Rhine Province Or Rhineland
Rhine Province Or Rhineland, The Most Westerly Province Of Prussia, Bounded On The North By Holland, On The East By The Prussian Provinces Of Westphalia And Hesse-nassau, And The Republic Of Hesse, On The South-east By The Bavarian Palatinate, On The South And South-west By Lorraine, And On The West ...
Rhinoceros
Rhinoceros, The Name For Such Perissodactyle Mammals (see Perissodactyla) As Bear One Or Two Median Horns On The Head, And For Their Extinct Relatives. Rhinoceroses Are Large, Massively Built Animals, With Little Intelligence And A Bad Temper. The Horns, Which Are Composed Of Modified Hairs, Are Borne On The Nose ...
Rhode Island
Rhode Island, Popularly Known As "little Rhody," Is A North Atlantic State Of The American Union, Belonging To The New England Group, And Lying Between 41° 18' And 42° 3' N. And 75° 8' And 71° 53' W. It Is Bounded, North And East, By Massachusetts; South, By The Atlantic ...
Rhodes
Rhodes (rodi), The Most Easterly Island Of The Aegean Sea, About To M. S. Of Cape Alypo In Asia Minor (length About 45 M. From North-east To South-west, Greatest Breadth 22 M., Area About 542 Sq.m.). It Was Taken By Italy From The Turks In 1912 And Is Now Capital ...
Rhodes Scholarships
Rhodes Scholarships. Cecil Rhodes Provided By His Will For The Maintenance At Oxford University Of About 200 Scholars For A Term Of Three Years Each. The Value Of Each Scholarship Is Now £400 A Year. Thirty-four Scholars Come Each Year From The British Empire, Distributed Substantially As Follows: One Scholar ...
Rhodesian History
Rhodesian History The Ancient Gold Field.—the Regions Of South-central Africa, Now Known As Rhodesia (north And South) Include What Was Probably The Greatest Gold Field Of The Ancient World. The Remains Of The Mines, Sunk To A Vertical Depth Of Sometimes I Soft. In Gold-bearing Rock, Are Found In An ...
Rhodium
Rhodium, A Metal Always Found In Platinum Ores But Never In Large Quantities, Was First Discovered By Wollaston And An Nounced By Him In The Memoir Disclosing The Discovery Of Palla Dium (phil. Trans., 1804). (symbol Rh, Atomic Number 45, Atomic Weight 102.9.) Its Name Is Due To The Rose-red ...
Rhododendron
Rhododendron, A Large Genus Of Shrubs And Trees Be Longing To The Heath Family (ericaceae). No Adequate Distinc Tion Can Be Drawn Between This Genus And Azalea (q.v.). The Rhododendrons Are Trees Or Shrubs, Never Herbs, With Simple, Ever Green Or Deciduous Leaves, And Flowers In Terminal Clusters Sur Rounded ...
Rhondda
Rhondda, An Urban District Of Glamorganshire, South. Wales, 12 Rrl. Long By About 4i M. Across At Its Widest Part, Com Prising Two Main Valleys, Named After Their Respective Rivers, Rhondda Fawr And Rhondda Fach. The Valleys Are Deeply Incised In The Coal Measures Of The South Wales Geological Basin ...
Rhone
Rhone, A Department Of South-eastern France, Formed In 1793 From The Eastern Portion Of The Department Of Rhone-et Loire, And Comprising The Old Districts Of Beaujolais, Lyonnais, Franc-lyonnais, Forez And A Small Portion Of Dauphine. Pop. (1931), 1,046,028. Area, 1,104 Sq.m. Rhone Is Bounded North By The Department Of Saone-et-loire, ...
Rhone
Rhone, One Of The Most Important Rivers In Europe, And The Chief Of Those Which Flow Directly Into The Mediterranean. It Rises At The Eastern Extremity Of The Swiss Canton Of The Valais, Flows Through Switzerland And France And Enters The Mediterranean At The Gulf Of Lyons. Its Total Length ...
Rhoxolani
Rhoxolani, A Sarmatian Tribe Defeated In The Crimea By Diophantus, General Of Mithradates, C. I00 B.c., And By The Romans On The Lower Danube C. A.d. 6o, And Also Under M. Aurelius. They Seem To Have Finally Succumbed To The Goths. Rhubarb. This Name Is Applied Both To A Drug ...
Rhyme
Rhyme, More Correctly Spelled Rime, From Provencal Word Rim (its Customary English Spelling Is Due To A Confusion With Rhythm), A Literary Ornament Or Device Consisting Of An Identity Of Sound In The Terminal Syllables Of Two Or More Words. In The Art Of Versification It Signifies The Repetition Of ...
Rhyolite
Rhyolite, The Group Name Of A Type Of Volcanic Rock, Occurring Mostly As Lava Flows, Characterized By A Highly Acid Composition, And So Called From Gr. Bime, To Flow (because Of The Frequency With Which They Exhibit Fluxion Structures). They Are The Most Siliceous Of All Lavas, And, With The ...
Rhythm
Rhythm, A Certain Swing Or Balance In Bodily Movement, Music, Verse Or Prose; Often Extended By Metaphor To Apply In Other Spheres (e.g., "rhythm Of Life"). The Early Critic Of Pros Ody, Aristoxenus (c. 320 B.c.), Distinguished Three Elements In Rhythm—the Speech (mel.$), The Melody (i.caos) And The Bodily Motion ...
Rhythm In Music
Rhythm In Music Like All Artistic Categories Musical Rhythm Must Be Studied His Torically, To Avoid Philistinism Towards The Rhythms Of Early Periods. But The Musical Rhythms Of The I8th And I9th Centuries Are So Much More Familiar To Us Than Any Others, And So Radically Different From Speech-rhythms, That ...
Riaz Pasha
Riaz Pasha (c. 1835-1911), Egyptian Statesman, Born About 1835, Was Of A Circassian Family, But Said To Be Of Hebrew Extraction. Ismail Pasha Discovered Him, And Made Him One Of His Ministers, To Find, To His Chagrin, That Riaz Was Possessed Of A Remarkable Independence Of Character. When Ismail's Financial ...
Rice
Rice, A Well-known Cereal, Botanical Name Oryza Sativa. Ac Cording To Roxburgh, The Indian Botanist, The Cultivated Rice With All Its Numerous Varieties Has Originated From A Wild Plant, Called In India Newaree Or Nivara, Which Is Indigenous On The Borders Of Lakes In The Circars And Elswhere In India, ...
Richard
Richard, Earl Of Cornwall And King Of The Romans (1209 1272), Was The Second Son Of The English King John By Isabella Of Angouleme. Born In 1209, Richard Was The Junior Of His Brother, Henry Iii., By Fifteen Months; He Was Educated In Eng Land And Received The Earldom Of ...
Richard 1799 1867 Rothe
Rothe, Richard (1799-1867), Lutheran Theologian, Was Born At Posen On Jan. 28, 1799. He Studied Theology In The Uni Versities Of Heidelberg And Berlin (1817-2o) Under Karl Daub (1765-1836), Schleiermacher And Neander. In The Autumn Of 1823 He Was Appointed Chaplain To The Prussian Embassy In Rome, Of Which Baron ...
Richard I 1157 1199
Richard I. (1157-1199), King Of England, Nicknamed "coeur De Lion" And "yea And Nay," Was The Third Son Of Henry Ii. By Eleanor Of Aquitaine. Born In Sept. 1157, He Received At The Age Of I I The Duchy Of Aquitaine, And Was Formally Installed In 1172. In His New ...
Richard Ii 1367 1400
Richard Ii. (1367-1400), King Of England, Younger Son Of Edward The Black Prince By Joan "the Fair Maid Of Kent," Was Born At Bordeaux On Jan. 6, 1367. He Was Brought To Eng 'the Remains Of Richard, Together With Those Of Henry Ii. And His Queen Eleanor, Were Removed In ...
Richard Iii
Richard Iii. King Of England, Youngest Son Of Richard, Duke Of York, By Cicely Neville, Was Born At Fother Inghay On Oct. 2, 1452. After The Second Battle Of St. Albans In Feb. 1461, His Mother Sent Him With His Brother George For Safety To Utrecht. They Returned In April, ...
Richard Rich
Rich, Richard, Ist Baron Rich (c. 149o-1567), Eng Lish Lord Chancellor, Was Born About 1490, In St. Laurence Jewry, London. After Holding Various Preferments, He Was Knighted In 1533, And Became Solicitor-general, Acting Under Thomas Crom Well In The Demolition Of The Monasteries. He Played A Malicious Part In The ...
Richard Rolle De Hampole
Rolle De Hampole, Richard (d. 1349), English Hermit And Author, Was Born Near The End Of The 13th Century, At Thornton (now Thornton Dale), Near Pickering, Yorkshire. His Father, William Rolle, Was Perhaps A Dependant Of The Neville Family. Richard Was Sent To Oxford At The Expense Of Thomas De ...
Richard Rush
Rush, Richard (178o-1859), American Statesman And Diplomat, Son Of Dr. Benjamin Rush, Was Born In Philadelphia, Pa., On Aug. 29, 1780. He Graduated At Princeton In 1797, And Was Admitted To The Bar In 1800. He Was Attorney-general Of Pennsyl Vania In 1811 ; Controller Of The Treasury Of The ...
Richard Woodville Or Wydeville
Rivers, Richard Woodville Or Wydeville, Earl (d. 1469), Served Under The Duke Of Bedford In France, And After His Master's Death Married His Widow Jacquetta Of Luxemburg. Henry Vi. Created Him Baron Rivers In 1448. His Associations Made Him A Strong Lancastrian. For Some Years He Was Lieutenant Of Calais ...
Richard Of St Victor
Richard Of St. Victor (d. 1173), Theologian And Mystic Of The 12th Century. Very Little Is Known Of His Life ; He Was Born In Scotland Or In England, And Went To Paris, Where He Entered The Abbey Of St. Victor And Was A Pupil Of The Great Mys Tic, ...
Richmond
Richmond, A Municipal Borough In Surrey, England, 9 M. W.s.w. Of Charing Cross, London. Pop. (1931) 37,791. It Lies On The Right Bank Of The Thames, Which Is Here Crossed By A Bridge Carrying The Main Road To Twickenham. Richmond Was Anciently Called Syenes And Afterwards Schene And Sheen (a ...
Richmond
Richmond, The Capital And Largest City Of Virginia, U.s.a., A Port Of Entry, The County Seat Of Henrico County (but Admin Istratively Independent Of It), And From 1861 To 1865 The Capital Of The Confederate States Of America ; At The Head Of Navigation On The James River, Ioo M. ...
Richmond_2
Richmond, A Municipal Borough In The North Riding Of Yorkshire, England, 15 M. S.w. Of Darlington By A Branch Of The L.n.e. Railway, Of Which It Is The Terminus. Pop. (1931) 4,769. It Is Situated On The Left Bank Of The Swale, Where The Valley Is Still Narrow And Steep-sided ...
Ricimer
Ricimer (d. 472), Master Of The Roman Empire In The West During Part Of The 5th Century, Was The Son Of A Prince Of The Suebi And The Daughter Of Wallia, King Of The Visigoths. His Youth Was Spent At The Court Of Valentinian Iii., And He Won Distinction Under ...
Rickets
Rickets, A Disease Of Children And Young Animals Character Ized By Deficient Calcification Of The Bones And Teeth And By Other Evidences Of Perverted Nutrition (see Metabolic Diseases). Rickets Most Commonly Attracts Attention About The End Of The First Year Of Life But The Bony Changes Are Preceded By Digestive ...
Ricochet
Ricochet, A Military Term Expressing The Rebound Of A Projectile That Strikes On A Hard Surface. The Origin Of The French Word Ricochet Is Unknown. Its Earliest Known Use (14th And 15th Centuries) Was In The Sense Of "repetition," E.g. Chanson Du Ricochet, "an Oft-told Tale." Hence It Came To ...
Riemannian Geometry
Riemannian Geometry. Any N Independent Vari Ables Xi Where I Takes The Values I To N, May Be Thought Of As The Coordinates Of An N-dimensional Space, Or Variety V In The Sense That Each Set Of Values Of The X's Defines A Point Of In A Space As Thus ...
Riesengebirge Or Giant Mountains
Riesengebirge Or Giant Mountains, A Lofty And Rugged Group On The Boundary Between Prussian Silesia And Bohemia, Between The Upper Courses Of The Elbe And The Oder. They Are Continued Towards The North-west In The Erzgebirge, The Thuringian Forest And The Harz Mountains. Adjoining The Iserge Birge And The Lausitzergebirge ...
Rieti
Rieti (anc. Reate), A City And Episcopal See Of Italy, The Capital Of The Province Of Rieti, 251 M. By Rail And 15 M. Direct S.s.e. Of Terni, Which Is 7o M. By Rail From Rome. Pop. (1931) 18,471 (town), 32,152 (commune). It Occupies A Fine Position 1,318 Ft. Above ...
Riga
Riga, A Seaport Of Latvia, Of Which It Is The Capital, In 57° 3' N., 24° I' E. Pop. (i930) 377,917. It Is Situated At The South Ern Extremity Of The Gulf Of Riga, 8 M. Above The Mouth Of The Western Dwina, Which Is Connected By Means Of Inland ...
Rigging As
Rigging (a.s. Wrigan Or Wrihan, To Clothe), The General Term, In Connection With Ships, For The Whole Apparatus Of Masts, Yards, Sails And Cordage. (see Also Ship, Yacht And Seaman Ship.) The Word Is Also Used As Meaning The Cordage Only. Sailing Vessels Of All Classes Are Classed According To ...
Rimini
Rimini, A Town And Bishop's See Of Italy (anc. Ariminum, Q.v.), In The Province Of Forli, Emilia, On The Adriatic Coast, 69 M. S.e. Of Bologna By Rail. Pop. (1931) : Town, 30,822; Commune, 62,638. The City Is Bounded On Three Sides By Water. It Faces The Adriatic To The ...
Rinderpest
Rinderpest (german For "cattle-plague," Which Is The English Synonym), One Of The Most Contagious, Infectious And Fatal Diseases Of Oxen ; Transmissible To Sheep, Goats, And Other Ruminants, Both Domesticated And Wild ; Swine Are Doubtfully Affected ; Horses, Etc., Carnivore And Man Are Immune. Rinderpest Is A Virulent Eruptive ...
Ring
Ring, A Band Of Circular Shape, Made Of Any Material And For Various Purposes, But, Particularly, A Circular Band Of Gold, Silver Or Other Precious Or Decorative Material Used As An Orna Ment, Not Only For The Finger, But Also For The Ear (see Ear-ring), Or Even For The Nose, ...
Rio De Janeiro
Rio De Janeiro, A Maritime State Of Brazil, Bounded On The North By Minas Geraes, On The East By Espirito Santo And The Atlantic, On The South By The Atlantic, And On The West By Sao Paulo. It Is One Of The Smaller States Of The Republic : Area Of ...
Rio De Janeiro
Rio De Janeiro (in Full, Sao Sebastia0 Do Rio De Janeiro, Colloquially Shortened To Rio), A City And Port Of Brazil, Capital Of The Republic, And Seat Of An Archbishopric, On The Western Side Of The Bay Of Rio De Janeiro, Or Guanabara, In Lat. 22° 53' 42" S., Long. ...
Rio De Oro
Rio De Oro, A Spanish Possession On The North-west Coast Of Africa, Extending North From Cape Blanco To Cape Bojador. North Of Cape Bojador Are Two Zones, The Southern, Reaching To Cape Juby, Being A Spanish Protectorate, And The Northern, From Cape Juby To The Wad Draa Being "occupied Territory." ...
Rio Grande
Rio Grande, A North American River, Which Rises In The San Juan Mountains Of Southern Colorado, Flows South-east And South In Colorado, South By West And South-east Through New Mexico And South-east Between Texas And Mexico To The Gulf Of Mexico. Its Length Is Approximately 2,200m. And For About 1,3oom. ...
Rio Grande Do Sul
Rio Grande Do Sul Or Sao Pedro Do Rio Grande Do Sul (sometimes Sao Pedro And Commonly Rio Grande) ; A City And Port Of The State, On The Western Side Of The Rio Grande (as The Outlet Of The Lagoa Dos Patos Is Called), About 6m. From Its Mouth ...
Rio Grande Do Sul
Rio Grande Do Sul, A Southern Frontier State Of Brazil, Bounded On The North By The State Of Santa Catharina, On The East By The Atlantic, On The South By Uruguay, And On The West By Uruguay And Argentina—the Uruguay River Forming The Boundary Line With The Latter. Area, 91,333sq.m. ...
Rio Negro
Rio Negro, A National Territory Of Argentina Lying Between 35' And 42° S. Lat. And 62° 5o' And 72° 15' W. Long., Within The Geographical Area Formerly Known As Patagonia. It Is Bounded North By The Territories Of Neuquen And La Pampa, East By The Province Of Buenos Aires And ...
Riot
Riot, The Gravest Kind Of Breach Of The Peace, Short Of Treason, Known To The English Law. It Consists In A Tumultuous Disturbance Of The Peace By An Assemblage Of Three Or More Persons Who, With Intent To Help One Another Against Any One Who Opposes Them In The Execution ...
Riouw Lingga Archipelago
Riouw-lingga Archipelago, Five Groups Of Islands Lying Off The East Coast Of Sumatra And Extending From The Straits Of Singapore In The North, To The Straits Of Berhala In The South. They Comprise The Karimon Group, The Batam Group, The Bintang Group, The Lingga Group, And The Singkep Group, With ...
Ripon
Ripon, A Cathedral City, And Municipal Borough In The West Riding Of Yorkshire, England, 214 M. N.n.w. From London, 3o M. N. Of Leeds, On The L.n.e. Railway. Pop. (1931) 8,576. It Is A Foot-hill Town Of The Pennines, Situated At The Confluence Of The Ure With Its Tributaries The ...
Ritual
Ritual [lat. Ritus, A Custom], A Term Of Religion, Which May Be Defined As The Routine Of Worship. This Is A "minimum Definition"; "ritual" At Least Means So Much, But May Stand For More. Without Some Sort Of Ritual There Could Be No Organized Method In Religious Worship. Indeed, Viewed ...
Ritual Murder
Ritual Murder, A General Term For Human Sacrifice In Connection With Religious Ceremonies. False Accusations As To The Practice Of Ritual Murder By Various Bodies Have Often Been Made. Justin Martyr In His Second Apology (cap. Xii.) Vigorously Defends The Christian Community Against The Charge : Octavius, Minutius Felix, Tertullian, ...
River And River Engineering
River And River Engineering. A River Is Any Natural Stream Of Fresh Water, Larger Than A Brook Or Creek, Which Flows In A Well-defined Channel. Usually It Discharges Into Another And Larger Body Of Water, The Ocean, A Lake, Or Another River. In Rare Instances In Regions Of Porous Soil ...
Riverina
Riverina, An Important District Occupying The Central South Portion Of New South Wales, Australia, Bounded On The South By The River Murray, On The North By The Lachlan–mur From About Hillston Down To The Murray Confluence. Eastern Boundary Is Less Easy To Draw. That Of The Admin Istrative District Runs ...
Riverside
Riverside, A City Of Southern California, U.s.a., On The Santa Ana River, At The Base Of The San Bernardino Range, 56 M. E. By S. Of Los Angeles ; The County Seat Of Riverside County. It Has A Commercial Aviation Field, And Is Served By The Santa Fe, The Southern ...
Riyadh
Riyadh, A City Of The Nejd (q.v.) In The Heart Of Arabia With A Population Of From Io,000 To 20,000. It Is The Capital Of The Region And The Headquarters From Which Ibn Saud (q.v.) Rules Over Most Of Desert Arabia. The City Is Situated On An Oasis In A ...
Road Roller
Road Roller, A Self-propelled Machine Primarily De Signed For Compacting Loose Or Granular Material Composing The Surface Or Sub-base Of A Road. In Conjunction With Scarifying And Scraping Attachments It Is Used For Breaking Up Or Loosening The Road Surface Or Sub-base, Preliminary To Further Treatment. The Tandem Roller Is ...
Roads And Road Construction
Roads And Road Construction In The United States There Are At Present Approximately 3,000,00o Miles Of Public Rural Roads In The United States. Of These Approximately 1,150,000 Miles Are Surfaced And A Large Mileage Graded And Drained Accord Ing To Good Engineering Standards. Of The Surfaced Mileage About 82% Is ...
Roads And Streets
Roads And Streets. In Current Usage "road" Is Ap Plied As A General Term For All Broad Made Ways From Place To Place, Whether With Separate Side-paths For Foot-passengers Or Not, While "street" Is Confined To The Roads Through Towns, Villages And Other Inhabited Places, More Or Less Lined By ...
Rob Roy
Rob Roy The Designation Of A Highland Out Law Whose Prowess Is The Theme Of One Of Sir Walter Scott's Novels, And Who Was By Descent A Macgregor. He Received The Name Roy From His Red Hair, And Latterly Adopted Campbell As His Surname On Account Of The Acts Proscribing ...