Tolfa
Tolfa, A Town Of The Province Of Rome, Italy, 10 M. E.n.e. Of Civitavecchia By Road, 1,558 Ft. Above Sea-level. Pop. (1931), 4,403. It Is The Chief Place In The Tolfa Mountains, An Extinct Volcanic Group Between Civitavecchia And The Lake Of Bracciano. Vapours Are Emitted Which Deposit Sulphur And ...
Tolstoy
Tolstoy, Count Leo (lyev) Nikolayevich (1828-1910), Russian Novelist And Moral Philosopher, Was Born On Aug. 28, (sept. 9,) 1828, At His Parents' Country-place Of Yasnaya Polyana, In The Province Of Tula. The Tolstoys Are A Family Of Russian Gentry Dating Back To The 16th Century (not Of German Origin As ...
Toluene Or
Toluene Or Methylbenzene, A Constituent Of The Light Oils Distilled From Coal Tar (q.v.), Is A Colourless Mobile Liquid Boiling At Iii° C/760 Mm. And Having A Density Of 0.8812 At 4° C. It Is Insoluble In Water But Dissolves Readily In Alcohol Or Ether. Toluene (ger. Toluol), An Aromatic ...
Tomb
Tomb, A Broad Term For Any Grave Or Funerary Structure, Especially One Of Relatively Large Size Or With Considerable Decorative Richness. Thus The Tumuli Or Barrows Used In Many Parts Of Northern And Eastern Europe During The Bronze And Early Iron Age ; The Structures Over A Grave, Common In ...
Tomsky
Tomsky, Pseudonym Of Michael Pavlovich Efremov (188o 1936), Russian Politician, Born On Oct. 19, 1880, In St. Petersburg (leningrad), Was The Son Of A Workman, And Became A Factory Hand At The Age Of 12. In 1904 He Joined The Bolshevik Party And Was A Member Of The Reval Council ...
Tonalite
Tonalite, In Petrology, A Rock Of The Diorite Class, First Described From Monte Adamello Near Tonale In The Eastern Alps. It May Be Described As A Quartz-diorite Containing Biotite And Hornblende In Nearly Equal Proportions. The Principal Felspar Is Plagioclase, But Orthoclase Occurs Also, Usually In Small Amount. With Increase ...
Tonga
Tonga, The Tonga Or Friendly Islands, An Archipelago In The S. Pacific Ocean About Midway Between Fiji And Samoa. For The Geography, Etc., See Pacific Islands. Duced The King To Break Off His Connection With The Wesleyan Body In Sydney, And To Set Up A State Church. Persecution Of Members ...
Tonghak Or Chuntokyo
Tonghak Or Chuntokyo, A Religious System Of Korea, Founded In 1864. The Prime Object Was To Preserve All National Customs And Ideals And Oppose Christianity. Its Forms Are Those Of Confucianism But Its Spirit And Voice Are Those Of Buddhism And Taoism. The Founder, Choi Jaiwoo ( 1824-64), Was A ...
Tongking
Tongking, A Province Of French Indo-china, And Protec Torate Of France, Situated Between 20° And 231° N. And 102° And Io81° E., And Bounded By China, British Upper Burma, Laos, Annam, And The Gulf Of Tongking. Area, 40,530 Sq.m. The Pop. (1934) Is 8,669,949, Including 10,590 Europeans. Tongking Comprises Two ...
Tongue
Tongue. Anatomically The Tongue Is Divided Into A Main Part, A Base Toward The Pharynx, A Dorsum Or Upper Surface, A Root By Which It Is Attached To The Hyoid Bone And Floor Of The Mouth, A Tip Which Is Free And An Inferior Free Surface In Contact With The ...
Tonsillitis
Tonsillitis, Acute Inflammation Of The Tonsils (see Lymphatic System) Due To Their Invasion By Infective Micro Organisms. Sometimes An Attack Follows On Exposure To Sewer Gas, And It Is Common In House Surgeons, Nurses And Others Who Have To Spend Most Of Their Time In A Hospital. Tonsillitis Is Frequently ...
Tonsure
Tonsure, A Religious Observance In The Roman Catholic And Orthodox Eastern Churches, Consisting Of The Shaving Or Cutting Of Part Of The Hair Of The Head As A Sign Of Dedication To Special Service. The Reception Of The Tonsure In These Churches Is The Initial Ceremony Which Marks Admission To ...
Tool
Tool, An Implement Or Appliance Used By A Worker In The Treatment Of The Substances Used In His Handicraft, Whether In The Preliminary Operations Of Setting Out And Measuring The Materials, In Reducing His Work To The Required Form By Cutting Or Otherwise, In Gauging It And Testing Its Accuracy, ...
Tool Steel
Tool Steel. This Term Includes Steels Used For Machine Tools, Hand Tools And Cutlery. Prior To 1870 These Were Exclusively High Carbon Steels Made By Crucible Or Cementation Process ; Since Then Alloy Steels Have Been Introduced For Cutting Metals. Plain Carbon Steels Of High Quality Are Still Pre-eminent For ...
Topaz
Topaz, A Mineral Of Some Importance As A Gemstone, But Apparently H'aving No Practical Application. It Usually Occurs In Association With Cassiterite In Connection With Granitic Rocks, And It Is Thus Often A Valuable Indicator Of The Presence Of Tin-ore. It Is Usually Found As Bright, Well-developed Crystals, Or As ...
Topeka
Topeka, The Capital City Of Kansas, U.s.a., And The County Seat Of Shawnee County; On The Kansas (kaw) River, In The Eastern Part Of The State, 7o M. W. Of Kansas City. It Is On Federal High Ways 40 And 75; Has A Municipal Airport; And Is Served By The ...
Torbernite
Torbernite (or Cupro-uranite), A Hydrous Uranium And Copper Phosphate, One Of The "uranium Micas." Crystals Are Tetragonal And Have The Form Of Square Plates, Often Very Thin. There Is A Perfect Micaceous Cleavage Parallel To The Basal Plane, And On This Face The Lustre Is Pearly. The Bright Grass-green Colour ...
Toronto
Toronto. The Capital Of The Province Of Ontario, And The Second Largest City In The Dominion Of Canada, Situated On The Northern Shore Of Lake Ontario, Almost Due North From The Mouth Of The Niagara River. It Lies On A Plateau Gradually Ascending From The Lake Shore To An Altitude ...
Torpedoes
Torpedoes. In 1805 Robert Fulton, An American Citi Zen, Demonstrated A Method Of Destroying Ships By Exploding A Charge Of Gunpowder Against The Hull Under Water. This Charge Was Called A "torpedo" And The Difficulty Of Getting It To A Ship Retarded For Many Years Its Progress As A Practical ...
Torpedoplane
Torpedoplane, An Invention Combining Submarine And Aerial Warfare Which Makes Possible The Discharge Of Submarine Automobile Torpedoes From Aeroplanes. The Automobile Torpedo Has Self-directed Power. (see Torpedoes.) It Is Ordinarily Projected From A Tube In The Bow Of The War Vessel By Means Of Compressed Air Or Gunpowder. The Torpedo ...
Torque
Torque, The Twist Or Torsion Which A Shaft Undergoes When Transmitting Power. The Degree Of Twist Is Very Slight, But It Can Be Measured And The Horse-power That Is Transmitted Can Thus Be Ascertained, The Method Being Applied Particularly To Steam Turbines. There Are Several Types Of Torsion-meters For Measuring ...
Torque Amplifier
Torque Amplifier. The Torque Amplifier Consists Of A Mechanism Provided With A Control-shaft At One End And A Work Shaft At The Other, The Control-shaft Requiring Only A Feeble Torque To Operate It In Either Direction, While The Work-shaft Yields A Torque Of Sufficient Amount To Accomplish Any Purpose Desired, ...
Torque Converter
Torque Converter Is An Apparatus For Transmitting Power Automatically From An Engine Or Other Source Of Power To A Secondary Shaft, The Torque And Speed Of The Secondary Being Variable According To The Load Between Wide Limits. It Was In Vented By George Constantinesco. The Principle Of The Torque Converter ...
Tort
Tort, The Technical Term, In The Law Of England, Of Those Dominions And Possessions Of The British Empire Where The Com Mon Law Has Been Received Or Practically Adopted In Civil Affairs, And Of The United States, For A Civil Wrong, I.e., The Breach Of A Duty Imposed By Law, ...
Tortoise
Tortoise, The Name Applied To Some Members Of The Order Chelonia, A Group Of Reptiles (q.v.) ; The Name Is Not Con Sistently Applied To Any One Section Of The Order But Is Generally Used To Designate A Terrestrial Animal, "turtle" Being In Britain The Equivalent Name For A Marine ...
Tortoiseshell
Tortoiseshell. The Tortoiseshell Of Commerce Consists Of The Epidermic Plates Covering The Bony Carapace Of The Hawks Bill Turtle, Chelonia Imbricate, The Smallest Of The Sea Turtles. The Plates Of The Back Or Carapace, Technically Called The Head, Are 13 In Number, Five Occupying The Centre, Flanked By Four On ...
Tortosa
Tortosa, A Fortified City Of Spain, In The Province Of Tar Ragona; 4o M. By Rail W.s.w. Of Tarragona, On The Ebro 22 M. Above Its Mouth. Pop. (1930), 35,865. Tortosa, The Dertosa Of Strabo And The Colonia Julia Augusta Dertosa Of Numerous Coins, Was A City Of The Ilercaones ...
Torture
Torture, The General Name For Innumerable Modes Of In Flicting Pain, And Especially For Those Employed As An Incident Of Judicial Process. From This Point Of View Torture Was Always In Flicted Either As A Means Of Eliciting Evidence From A Witness Or From An Accused Person Either Before Or ...
Totalizator
Totalizator. Betting On Horse Races, Without The Aid Of Bookmakers As Intermediaries, Is Conducted By Two Methods, Known As The Totalizator (or Tote) And The Pari Mutuel Systems. In Principle They Are Alike. Money Staked By Backers Is Pooled, And, When The Result Of A Race Is Known, Shared By ...
Totemism
Totemism. The Term "totemism" Is Used For A Feature Of The Religion And Social Organization Of Widespread Occurrence Amongst Primitive Peoples. The Name Totem Is Derived From An Ojibway Word, But Has Now Been Generalized By Anthropologists To Describe An Institution, The Ojibway Form Of Which Is Not Typical. Unfortunately, ...
Totila
Totila (d. 552), King Of The Ostrogoths, Was Chosen King After The Death Of His Uncle Ildibad In 541, His Real Name Being, As Is Seen From The Coinage Issued By Him, Baduila. At The Beginning Of His Reign, He Collected Together And Inspired The Goths To Win A Victory ...
Toul
Toul, A Garrison Town Of North-eastern France, In The De Partment Of Meurthe-et-moselle, 21 Tm W. Of Nancy On The Eastern Railway. Pop. (1931) 10,412. Toul (tullum) Was Origi Nally Capital Of The Leuci, In The Belgic Confederation, And Ac Quired Great Importance Under The Romans. It Was Evangelized By ...
Toulon
Toulon, A Seaport And First-class Fortress And Naval Station Of France, Department Of Var, Capital Of The Arrondissement Of Toulon, On The Mediterranean, 42 M. E.s.e. Of Marseilles. Pop. (1931) 98,318. The Roman Telo Martius Is Supposed To Have Stood Near The Lazaretto. The Town Was Successively Sacked By Goths, ...
Toulouse
Toulouse, A City Of South-western France, Capital Of The Department Of Haute-garonne, 443 M. S. By W. Of Paris By The Orleans Railway, And 159 M. S.e. Of Bordeaux By The Southern Railway. Pop. (1931), 161,515. Toulouse Stands On The Right Bank Of The Garonne, Which Here Describes A Curve ...
Touraine
Touraine, A French Province, Bounded On The North By Orleanais, West By Anjou And Maine, South By Poitou And East By Berry, And Corresponding Approximately To The Modern Depart Ment Of Indre-et-loire. Touraine Took Its Name From The Turones, The Tribe By Which It Was Inhabited At The Time Of ...
Tourmaline
Tourmaline, A Mineral Of Interest From Several Points Of View, But Of No Commercial Value, Except Occasionally When Used As A Gem-stone. The Name Is From The Cingalese Toramalli, Brown Gem-stones Having Come From Ceylon Early In The 18th Century. The Mineral Is Of Interest Chemically On Account Of Its ...
Tournai
Tournai (flemish Doornik), City, Province Of Hainaut, Belgium, On Tne Scheldt. Pop. (1930) 35,44o. The Cathedral Of Notre-dame Dates From 1030, The Nave Is Romanesque Of The Middle Of The 12th Century, With Much Pointed Work. The Transept Was Added In The 13th Century. The First Choir Was Burned Down ...
Tournament Or Tourney
Tournament Or Tourney. Of The Mediaeval Defi Nitions Of The Tournament Given By Du Cange (glossarium, S.v. "tourneamentum"), The Best Is That Of Roger Of Hoveden, Who Described Tournaments As "military Exercises Carried Out, Not In The Spirit Of Hostility (nullo Interveniente Odio), But Solely For Practice And The Display ...
Tours
Tours, A Town Of France, Capital Of The Department Of Indre-et-loire, 145 M. S. W. Of Paris By Rail. Pop. (1931) 74,183. Tours (see Touraine), Under The Gauls The Capital Of The Turones Or Turons, Originally Stood On The Right Bank Of The Loire, A Little Above The Village Of ...
Tower
Tower, The Term Given To A Lofty Building Originally De Signed For Defence, Hence, Any Structure Whose Height Is Its Most Important Dimension, Whether Isolated Or Forming Part Of Another Building. The Two Earliest Uses Of Lofty Buildings Were Military And Religious; In The One Case Constructed To Give A ...
Town And City Planning
Town And City Planning. The Terms To Plan Ning And City Planning Are Used To Designate The Modern Move Ment To Plan The Growth Of Cities, Towns And Villages, Particularly In Respect To The Development Of Land For Building Purposes And Systems Of Circulation. When, For Purposes Of Planning, It ...
Towton
Towton, A Village Of Yorkshire, England, 21m. S. Of Tad Caster, The Scene Of A Battle Fought On Palm Sunday, March 29, 1461, Between The Armies Of York And Lancaster. The Party Of Lancaster Had Lately Won The Battle Of St. Albans, But, Unable To Gain Admission Into London, And ...
Toxodontia
Toxodontia. An Extinct Order Or Sub-order Of South American Hoofed Mammals, Some (toxodonts) Being Massively Proportioned Three-toed Beasts Which Played The Part Of Rhinocer Oses, And Others (typotheres) Small Animals More Nearly Compar Able To Rabbits And The Larger Rodents In Appearance And Probably In Habits. The Order Was Distinguished ...
Toynbee Hall
Toynbee Hall. Founded In London By Canon Barnett, Then Rector Of St. Jude's Whitechapel In 1884, And Named After Arnold Toynbee, A Brilliant Economist And Co-worker Whose Death Shortly Before Had Been Hastened By His Zeal For Social Reform, Toynbee Hall, The Pioneer University Settlement, Inaugurated An Important Movement (see ...
Tracery
Tracery, The Term Given In Architecture To The Upright Curving Or Intersecting Bars Or Ribs, Used In A Window Or Other Opening To Give Beauty And Variety To Its Silhouette. The Term Is Also Applied To Similar Forms Used In Relief, As Wall Decoration (sometimes Called Wall-tracery), And Hence, Figuratively, ...
Trachyte
Trachyte (gr. Tp Ax In, Rough), In Petrology, A Group Of Volcanic Rocks Which Consist Mainly Of Sanidine (or Glassy Ortho Clase) Felspar. Very Often They Have Minute Irregular Steam Cavities Which Make The Broken Surfaces Of Specimens Of These Rocks Rough And Irregular; Whence Comes Their Name, Which Was ...
Track And Field Sports
Track And Field Sports, A Term Used In The United States For Those Sports Called Athletic Sports In England. For A Full Description Of These Athletic Events In England And Further Description Of The National Athletic Bodies In The United States See Athletic Sports And Also The Separate Articles On ...
Trade Board
Trade Board, A Term Applied In Great Britain To One Of A System Of Industrial Wages Boards Established To Fix Legal Mini Mum Rates Of Payment For Workers In Certain Industries Under The Trade Boards Acts Of 1909 And 1918. The Principal Trade Boards Act Of 1909 Was Based On ...
Trade Cycle
Trade Cycle. The Phrases Trade Cycle, Business Cycle And Cyclical Fluctuation Of Trade Are All Convenient Methods Of Labelling Those Alternating Upward And Downward Sweeps In The Volume Of Business Activity Which Have Constituted, For At Least A Century And Perhaps More, One Of The Outstanding Phenomena Of The Modern ...
Trade Facilities
Trade Facilities. In Great Britain The Trade Facilities Scheme Formed Part Of The Remedial Measures Laid Before The House Of Commons By The Coalition Government Of The United Kingdom In The Autumn Of 1921. Prices Were Then At Their Lowest; Trade Was Acutely Depressed; And Unemployment Had Reached An Alarming ...
Trade Forecasts
Trade Forecasts. The Expressions "trade Forecast," Commonly Used In Great Britain, And "business Forecast," Com Monly Used In The United States, Are Synonymous And, Unless Qualified, Refer To The Outlook For Business As A Whole In A Given Country In The Immediate Future For, Say, A Period Of Not More ...
Trade Marks
Trade Marks. A "trade Mark" May Be Defined As A Symbol, Consisting In General Of A Picture, A Label Or A Word Or Words, Applied Or Attached To The Goods Of A Trader For The Purpose Of Distinguishing Them From The Similar Goods Of Other Traders, And Of Identifying Them ...
Trade Organization In France
Trade Organization In France Chambers Of Commerce.—french Chambers Of Commerce Owe Their Origin To The City Of Marseilles, Where, In 1599, The Town Council, Which Had Hitherto Looked After The Commercial Interests Of The City, Found It No Longer Possible To Combine Com Mercial With Municipal Functions, And Established An ...
Trade Organization In Germany
Trade Organization In Germany Commercial Associations.—in Germany There Are Two Kinds Of Trade Organizations : (i) Official Organizations Established By Law, I.e., Officially Recog Nised, Public Legal Bodies, The Chambers Of Industry And Commerce. (2) "free" Associations And Unions, I.e., Unofficial Unions. An Intermediate Class, The So-called Semi-official Bodies, Dating ...
Trade Organization In Italy
Trade Organization In Italy Chambers Of Commerce.—the Italian Chambers Of Com Merce Which Were Regulated By The Law Of 1862 And Performed Functions Similar To Those Of The French Chambers Of Commerce, Were Replaced By Laws Nos. Of April 18, 1926, And Nos. 1363/1071 Of June 16, 1927, Which Set ...