Etc Film Packs
Film-packs, Etc. With Slides Of The Single Variety, Holding One Plate Only, And Allowing Its Introduc Tion By A Hinged Door At The Back. Some Of The Old-fashioned Cameras Are Supplied With Solid Dark-slides, In Which The Plate Is Inserted By Withdrawing The Shutter, And Retained In Position By Movable ...
Etc Modifications Of The
Modifications Of The Carrier, Etc. The Carrier Holding The Negative May Be Made To Raise And Lower, Or Move From Side To Side, In Order To Obtain A More Posing The Reflector Does Not Receive An Unobstructed View Of The Sky, It Will Yet Give The Field Even Illumination. More ...
Etching Developing
Developing, Etching, Etc. When The Plate Is Considered To Be Sufficiently Dusted, It Is Carefully Drawn, And Heated Over A Bunsen Burner. The Heat Applied Must Be Only Just Enough To Melt The Bitumen, And Cause It To Adhere To The Plate ; On No Account Must The Melted Dust ...
Etching Zinc Plates
Etching Zinc Plates. The Plate Is Now Cleaned By Passing It For A Few Seconds Through A Very Weak Acid Bath (nitric Acid, 1 In 100) Just Suffi Ciently Long To Dull The Surface. It Is Then Rinsed Under The Tap, The Adherent Scum Being Removed With Cotton-wool, And Dried ...
Examining Contact
Examining Contact. Abrasives Employed For Polishing Are Various Earths And Metallic Oxides, Such As Tripoli, Rouge, And Putty Powder (oxide Of Tin), And These Are Applied With Water Upon Rubbers Made Of Some Soft Sub Stance. Cheap Lenses Are Frequently Polished With Rubbers Made Of Paper Or Cloth, Which Act ...
Excessive Contrast
Excessive Contrast. The Print Possesses Excessive Contrast, With Greenish-black Shadows, And Is Want Ing In Detail In High Lights. Causes.— (a) Too Brief Exposure, Causing The Print To Be Developed Too Long In Hopes Of Obtain Ing Detail In High Lights ; Or (b) The Nega Tive Is Too Hard ...
Existence Of Sub Salts Doubtful
Existence Of Sub-salts Doubtful. The Evidence For And Against The Idea That The Latent Image Consists Of Silver May Now Be Examined. According To Wetzlar (schweig's "jahrbuch," 1828), He Obtained Small Quantities Of Silver Sub-chloride By Treating Solutions Of Ferric And Cupric Chloride With Silver Leaf. In 1839 \vdhler Passed ...
Exposure
Exposure. The Exposure, As A Rule, Will Be Much Less Than For Ordinary Subjects, And, As The Scale Of Intensities Between Light And Shade Is A Short One, It Must Be Given With Accuracy To Ensure Good Results. The Novice Cannot Do Better Than Employ One Of The Meters Referred ...
Exposure Meters
Exposure Meters. This Has Brought About The Introduction Of Exposure Meters-, Which Consist Of An Arrangement Of Figures That By A Revolving Or Other Device May Be Brought Into Differ. Ent Relation To Each Other, The Figures Being Arranged Under Different Headings, Namely, The Factors Governing Exposure. Perhaps One Of ...
Factors Regulating Intensity Of
Factors Regulating Intensity Of Light. Having Chosen A Suitable Illuminant, It Is Necessary To Have Some Measure Of The Intensity Of The Flame, As Upon This De Pends The Length Of Time Required For Ek Posing Any Particular Brand Of Plate. Unless A Determination Of The Actinic Value Of The ...
Fallacies Regarding Exposures
Fallacies Regarding Exposures. First Among These Is (a) The Impression That Different Lenses Vary In Rapidity, Although Similar Stops Are Used. The Amount Of Light Reaching The Plate Depends Upon The Size Of The Hole By Which It Is Ad Mitted And The Distance Over Which It Has To Travel ...
Ferricyanide Reducer
Ferricyanide Reducer. The Ferricyanide Reducer Was Introduced Ay Mr. Howard Farmer, And Is Perhaps The One Most Used For General Work. As Already Stated, It Tends To Reduce The Shadows Of The Negative In Greater Propor Tion Than The Lights. It Is Therefore A Valuable Agent In All Cases Of ...
Ferrous Oxalate
Ferrous Oxalate. This Developer Is Still Recommended For Bromide Paper. It Gives Good Blacks, But There Is Danger Of Staining If It Is Carelessly Used. Novices Do Not Usually Succeed With It. It Has The Further Disadvantage That The Iron Must Be Dissolved Out, And The Acid Removed, Before Fixing, ...
Finding Time For Best
Finding Time For Best Lighting. Suppose, For Example, It Is Wished To Ascertain When The .sun Will Be In The South-west, The Time Of Making The Experi Ment Being, Say, 10 A.m. Point The Hour Hand Of The Watch To The Sun, And Mid Way Between The Hour And The ...
Finishing Off
Finishing Off. A Picture Treated As Described Above, But Without So Much Of The Stippling Recom Mended, Is In The Tinted Stage, But Much More Remains To Be Done To Produce The Best Effect. When The Background And Draperies Are Put In, The Colouring Of The Face Will Probably Seem ...
Finishing The Metal Work
Finishing The Metal-work. The Batch Of Parts, Having Passed Through Their Various Stages Of Manufac Will Not. Thus No Two Screws Will Jam, Out Of Any Possible Combination That Can Be Made. Hundreds Of Such Gauges Are Used For The Many Dimensions Required In Lens Settings, All Being Periodically Inspected ...
First Lesson In Toning
First Lesson In Toning. Three Or Four Prints Being Available, And The Combined Toning Bath Having Been 1 Oz. ; No. 3, 1 Oz. ; No. 1 Oz. ; Mixing Them In The Order Given. This Bath Will Fix The Print, And At The Same Time Give Tones From Red ...
Fitting Greenhouse As Studio
Fitting Greenhouse As Studio. A Greenhouse Is Often Found Suitable For Use As A Studio If There Is Some Means Of Controlling The Light. This May Be Done As Follows: Two Sets Of Blinds A And B, Running One Under The Other, As Shown In Fig. 622, Are Fixed. Both ...
Fixing And Developing
Fixing And Developing. Suppose Now That Four Prints Are Given Identical Exposure In The Proportion Of Six Times That Required For An Ordinary Print, And Are Then Developed As Above, And That One Of Them Is Removed To The Fixing Bath In The Yellow Stage, Another In The Red Stage, ...
Focussing
Focussing. In All Descriptions Of Outdoor Work Focussing Is Apt To Prove Troublesome If There Is Any Wind, Owing To The Cloth Being Blown About. This May Be Minim Ised To Some Extent By Sewing Cords To Is Peculiarly Suitable, Allowing A Wide Choice As To Focal Length And Angle ...
Fraunhofer Lines
Fraunhofer Lines. The Spectrum Given By Sunlight Is Not A Continuous One. It Is Marked By Fine Black Lines The Whole Of The Way The Red To The Violet. These Lines, First Noticed By Wollaston, Are Due To Absorp Tion. The Number And Distinctness Of Them Depends On The Resolving ...
General Principles Of Telephoto
General Principles Of Telephoto Lens. The Telephoto Lens Is Essentially A Long Focus Lens Of Peculiar Construction, And As It Is Fitted With An Adjustment Whereby The Focus Can Be Varied At Will, It May Fairly Claim To Be Not Merely One Long Focus Lens, But A Series Of Long ...
Graphy
Graphy. There Have Been Many Other Processes Suggested For Securing Photographs In Colours, Most Of Which Were Simply Fore Runners Or Variations Of Those Already Dealt With, And Are By This Time Practically Forgotten. In 1897 Much Excitement Was Caused In The Photographic World By A Process Introduced By Mm. ...
Heightening The Lights
Heightening The Lights. The Chief Lights Are Top Of Forehead, One On Each Brow, Clown Bridge Of Nose, On Cheek Bone, Over Upper Lip, On Lower Lip, And On The Chin. Each Of These Must Be Preserved, And Kept In Proper Tone Con Trast With The Others. Remember That The ...
Hints On Exhibiting
Hints On Exhibiting. Absolute Rigidity Of The Stand And Apparatus Must Be Secured. A Hollow Body Should Not Be Used For This Purpose, Since It Will Not Only Tend To Cause Vibration But Will Distressingly Increase The Noise. The Machine Should Be Well Oiled Before Use With Good Clock Or ...
Home Made Devices For Rapid
Home-made Devices For Rapid Printing. The Amateur Working On A Small Scale Will Find It Sufficient To Set Up An Ordinary With A Central Recessed Opening To Take The Negative. Behind This Travels A Long Strip Of Bromide Paper, Covered By A Board, Which May Be Moved Along Past The ...
How Sensitiveness Is Governed
How Sensitiveness Is Governed. The First Question Likely To Be Asked The Novice Is What Governs The Sensitive Ness Of The Emulsion, And This May Be Broadly Stated To Be The Ripening Or Boil Ing To Which It Is Subjected. (there Are, However, Other Methods Of Emulsion Mak Ing Which ...
Identification By Presence Or
Identification By Presence Or Absence Of Hydroxyl. No Other Arrangement Is Possible Keeping The Valencies Mentioned. Which Formula, There Fore, Represents Ethyl Alcohol, And Which The Methyl Ether If Both Compounds Are Treated With Metallic Sodium It Is Found To React Only With The Alcohol, Hydrogen Being Evolved, And Its ...
Identity Of Light And
Identity Of Light And Electricity. Professor Clerk Maxwell, In 1864, Laid Down The Proposition That Light And Electricity Were One And The Same Thing ; That All Manifestations Of Light, Radiant Heat, And Similar Phenomena Were Electro Magnetic Vibrations Of The Luminiferous Ether Travelling In The Form Of Undulatory Waves ...
Immersing The Plate
Immersing The Plate. As Soon As The Collodion Has Set, The Plate Is Placed On The Clipper And Gently Lowered With One Continuous Sweep Into The Silver Bath. Stoppages In Immersing The Plate, If Of Any Appreciable Duration, Are Liable To Cause Marks. The Silver Bath Is Supposed To Have ...
Improvements To Modelling
Improvements To Modelling. In Doing This, Extreme Care Must Be Taken To Preserve The Modelling Of The Face, As Any Unintentional Alteration To That Will Be Liable To Affect The Likeness Seriously. Certain Alterations Are, How Ever, Quite Allowable If Skilfully Clone, But This Is Just Where Individual Artistic Taste ...
Incandescent Gas
Incandescent Gas. The Incandescent Gas Light May Be Suc Cessfully Employed For Portraiture, For Which Purpose A" Sufficient Number Of Burners Are Fixed In Rows Within A Large White Reflector. Suitable Fittings Are Ob Tainable, Or Can Readily Be Made With A Certain Amount Of Contrivance. The Light Ing Is ...
Incandescent Gases
Incandescent Gases. The Gases For This Purpose Are Enclosed In A Tube Of The Shape Shown By Fig. 765. The Part C Is Intended To Be Placed Parallel To The Length Of The Slit. The Ends A And B Have Platinum Terminals With Aluminium Extensions Inside, Which Are Connected To ...
Incandescent Gaslight
Incandescent Gaslight. For Use In Photomicrography An Incan Descent Gas Burner May Be Supported On A Stand At The Proper Height So That The 3 In. Diameter And 10 In. Focus Will Be Found To Yield A Very Intense Illumination. The Flame Of An Oil Lamp Is Much 3iellower Than ...
Instrument For Measuring The
Instrument For Measuring The Densities Of Plates. The Instrument Devised For Measuring The Densities Of Plates Is A Modification Of The Bunsen Photometer Used For Measuring The Illuminating Power Of Coal Gas (fig. 562). It Consists Of A Cubical Box, A, Containing The Paper Disc With Its Grease Spot ; ...
Intensification
Intensification. The Toning Processes Are In Reality Methods Of Intensification. The Prints May Be Intensified With Either Gold, Silver, Or Platinum. If Gold Is Chosen, The Wet Print, After Thorough Washing, Is Laid Face Up On A Sheet Of Glass, And The Excess Of Moisture Blotted Off And Allowed To ...
Intensification Without Blackening
Intensification Without Blackening. A Negative Which Has Been Bleached In Mercury May Be Printed From, And Gives An Increase Of Density Somewhere Between The Spirit Method And The Sulphite. With The Silver Intensifier, Only One Operation Is Necessary, The Negative As Suming Correct Density In The Solution And Simply Requiring ...
Intensity Of Light
Intensity Of Light. As Already Stated, The General Factor Of Intensity Is That Of The Lens Aperture. It May Be Explained That Every Lens Has A Focal Length—that Is, It Has A Point Of Minimum Distance At Which An Image Can He Produced. According To The Qualities Of The Lens, ...
Introducing Backgrounds Into Portraits
Introducing Backgrounds Into Portraits. A Use To Which Combination Printing Might Be Put More Frequently Than It Is At Present, Is That Of Introducing Natural Landscape Backgrounds Or Characteristic Scenes Into Portrait Pictures. To Do This, Proceed As Follows : Paint Out The Whole Of The Background In The Portrait ...
Introduction Of Skies
Introduction Of Skies. The Advantages Of A Pleasing Sky Are Obvious, While The Disadvantages Of A Blank Sky Need Not Be Pointed Out. The First Thing Is To Decide As To The Cloud Effect Desired, But If The Picture Has Al Ready Been Printed In The Small Size—as It Should ...
Lantern Masks
Lantern Masks. These Can Be Purchased At Any Dealer's In Boxes Costing About A Shilling, And Con Taining An Assortment Of Different Shapes And Sizes (see Fig. 451). It Must Be Ad Mitted That The Choice Is Very Often Far Too Limited For Artistic Work. Some Workers May Therefore Prefer ...
Lantern Stereoscopic Projection
Lantern Stereoscopic Projection. The Principle Of Stereoscopy, Which Has Already Been Set Forth, Shows That The Iroblem To Be Solved In Lantern Stereo Scopic Projection Is To So Arrange Matters That Each Eye Sees Only One Image, And That Belonging To It, Or Corresponding To The One It Would See ...
Lighting The Subject
Lighting The Subject. The Photographer Is Practically Tied Down To One Kind Of Lighting, Fancy Effects Being, As A Rule, Out Of The Question. Occasionally A Piece Of Work Has To Be Photographed In Such Light That It Will Have The Same Appearance As When Fixed In Its Proper Position. ...
Local Development With Gliteeine
Local Development With Gliteeine. It Sometimes Happens That In Spite Of All The Care Bestowed Upon The Preparation Of The Negative, And The Proper Shielding Of The Various Parts, The Image Is Inclined To Develop Up Too Darkly In Certain Parts Before The Requisite Amount Of Detail Has Been Secured ...
Ma King The
Ma King The Boss. The Operation Of Making A Satisfactory Pinhole Is Not Such A Simple Matter As, At First Sight, It Would Appear, For Certain Conditions Should Be Observed Which Are By No Means Easy. In The First Place, The Hole Must Be Circular, With Perfectly Clean Edges, And ...
Machine For Coating Plates
Machine For Coating Plates. In Coating Plates By Machinery, The Ap Paratus Invented By B. J. Edwards, And Patented June 5th, 1ss-1, Is Still Used, With Only Slight Modifications. This Apparatus Is Shown In Fig. 147. It Consists Of A Trough Dish, Into Which Pour Sufficient Spirit To Well Cover ...
Machines And P Resses
Machines And P Resses. Before Treating Of The Inking Process It Will Be Advisable To Devote Some Atten Tion To The Different Patterns Of Printing Presses And Machines Specially Made For This Class Of Work. For Experimental Attempts A Letter-copying Press Will Give Good Results: But For Any Quantity Of ...
Making Bellows With Cardboard
Making Bellows With Cardboard Strips. Another Very Convenient Way Of Making Square Bellows Is To Employ Strips Of Board, Which Are Covered With Binders' Cloth Or Black Twill. Cut A Ber Of Strips Of Cardboard 1 In. Wide And 7 In. Long, Also A Similar Number 5f In. Long, And ...
Making Heliostat
Making Heliostat. On The Base (fig. 786) Is Hinged At R A Smaller Base K Which May Be Inclined And Clamped At Any Angle Up To About 60° With Safety. The Clamping Is Done By The Thumbscrews H And The Slotted Brass Bar G, Which Is In The Form Of ...
Making Single Flap Shutter
Making Single Flap Shutter. The Single Flap Shutter (fig. 931) Is A Very Simple Type, Consisting Of A Flap, A, Which Is Raised By A Rubber Band, And Is Closed By Means Of A Weighted Arm, 13, Attached To It. For Convenience Of De Scription, It Is Assumed That The ...
Making Slides By Reduction
Making Slides By Reduction. The Method Of Making Lantern Slides By Reduction Presents More Difficulties Than The Process Just Described, But Is Tolerably Easy To One Who Has Done A Little Copying. In Principle, It Is Exactly Similar To Any Other Form Of Making Reduced Copies, The Only Difference Being ...
Making Transparencies
Making Transparencies. It Has Often Been Said That Photography Attains Its Highest Perfection And Beauty In A Good Transparency, And This State Ment Is Not Without Foundation, Especially When The Transparency Is A Stereoscopic One. There Are Two Ways Of Making A Transparency. One Is By Contact Printing, And The ...
Making A Ferrotype Camera
Making A Ferrotype Camera. The Following Instructions Explain How To Make A Cheap Camera For Taking Por Traits On Ferrotype Plates 3f In. By In. A Portrait Lens Of 5-in. Focus Should Be Pro Cured And The Camera Made To Suit It. The Ferrotypes Arc Slower Than Gelatine Plates, A ...
Making A Graduated Screen
Making A Graduated Screen. Take An Ordinary Dry Plate, Immerse It In A 1 Per Cent. Solution Of Potassium Bichromate, And Dry It In The Dark In A Good Current Of Air. (the Same Precau Tions Must Be Taken In Drying As Are Necessary In The Carbon Process.) When The ...
Making A Studio Camera
Making A Studio Camera. To Make A Studio Camera To Take I2-in. By 10-in. Plates Use Mahogany S In. Thick. First Construct The Baseboard, Fig. 52, Of The Size Shown In The Illustration, By Tonguing Together. Then Make Two Strips E And F (fig. 53) 16 In. By In. By ...
Making An Exposure Meter
Making An Exposure Meter. In Order To Construct An Exposure Meter, Make A Series Of Tints Of A Neutral Or Blue Grey On A Strip Of Card About 2 In. By In. By Applying To The Card Repeated Washes Of Colour, Each Successive Wash Being A Little Shorter Than The ...
Making The Positive
Making The Positive From The Negative Film, Obtained As M Previously 11 Described, A Positive Film Has 01v To Be Made By Contact. Great Care Is Required In Order To Secure Perfect Registration Between The Two Films, Or The Pictures Will Not Be Properly Spaced, And Other Irregularities. Which Are ...
Making The Transparency
Making The Transparency. It Will Be Noted That As The Effect Of The Light Is To Cause The Film To Refuse The Powder, The Parts Acted Upon By The Light Will Remain Lighter. This Being The Case, An Impression Taken From A Negative Would Give A Negative, So That If ...
Masking
Masking. By The Term Masking Is Meant The Taking Of A Print From A Negative Through An Opaque Mask, With Openings Shaped According To Fancy And Suitability To The Subject In Hand. This Opaque Medium, Termed A Mask, Is Generally Inserted Between The Film Of The Negative And The Front ...
Mechanical Wa Shers
Mechanical Wa Shers. It Has Been Pointed Out That, When Possible, Hand Washing Is Preferable To Machine Washing ; But It Will Easily Be Seen That Hand Washing Can Only Be Done When The Quantity Dealt With Is Small, As Not More Than About Fifty Prints Can Be Washed Properly ...
Medallion Vignettes
Medallion Vignettes. These Resemble The India Tint Vignettes, Except That In Printing Down The Centre Mask Is Kept Still, And Prints With A Sharp Edge. Another Striking Effect Is Obtained From As Usual. This Method Is Only Of Use In The Hands Of One Having A Good Knowledge Of Drawing ...
Method
Method. The Marked Superiority Of These Gratings Lies In The Following Features, Which Have Been Taken Advantage Of By Rowland In A Masterly Manner. Let A Circle Be De Scribed With The Radius Of Curvature Of The Concave Mirror As Its Diameter. The Image Of A Source S (fig. 775) ...
Method Of Focussing And
Method Of Focussing And Lighting To Prepare A Microphotograph, A Piece Of Wet-plate Negative Taken On A Piece Of Glass Of Exactly The Same Thickness As The Sensitive Plate To Be Used Is Placed On The Stage Of The Microscope. The Eye Piece Of The Microscope Is Removed, And The ...
Method Of Sizing And
Method Of Sizing And Salting. The Operations Of Sizing And Salting The Paper May Be Conveniently Carried Out Together. And For This Purpose The Follow Ing Bath Is Employed :—crystallised Am Monium Chloride, 130 Grains : Recryst A Llised Sodium Carbonate, 200 Grains ; Citric Acid, Go Grains : Arrow ...
Method Of Using Roll
Method Of Using Roll Burnishers. Roll Enamellers Or Burnishers Act On The Principle Shown In The Diagram, Fig. 413. The Prints Should Be Dry, But Not Bone Dry ; The Exact Condition That Gives The Best Results Is Rather Difficult To Convey In Words, But The Prints, If Dried Spontane ...
Method Of Viewing
Method Of Viewing. The Pictures Obtained Are Colourless And Almost Imperceptible When Looked At In The Ordinary Way. In Order For The Colours To Be Seen, They Must Be Lit In A Particular Fashion And Examined Through A Small Aperture, So Placed That The Eye Is In A Correct Position ...
Method Of Vignetting
Method Of Vignetting. To Vignette A Picture In A Card That Com Pletely Covers Time Inner Edges Of The Pro Jecting Front Part Of The Frame, Cut A Hole Somewhat Smaller Than The Portion It Is Desired To Print. This Allows The Light To Spread As Shown By Pig. :333 ...
Method Of Washing
Method Of Washing There Are Several Excellent Washing Machines On The Market, But At This Stage The Prints Must Not Be Left Un Attended, And Washing By Hand Is Prefer Able. For Twelve Prints, Half-plate Size, Take Two Porcelain Dishes, Which Must Be Chemically Cleaned, Filling Each With Clean Water. ...
Method Of Working
Method Of Working. First Decide As To The Colours Or Tints Of The Various Parts ; Then Proceed To Colour The Larger Patches, And Afterwards Put In The Smaller Detail. The Colouring Having To Be Of An Impressionistic Character, It Is Best For The Beginner To Apply It To The ...
Methods Of Preparing The
Methods Of Preparing The Bath. There Are Two Methods Of Prepaiing The Bath. In One, It Is Mixed With Cold Water And Ripened For Twenty-four Hours Or So ; And In The Other Hot Water Is Used For Mixing, And The Bath Used When Cold. Both These Methods Lead To ...
Methods Of Vtgsttting
Methods Of Vtgsttting. For The Purpose Of Vignetting There Are Practically Four Devices In Use ; The First, Fig. 239, Consists Of A Piece Of Flashed Glass With A Colourless Centre. Flashed Glass Is Prepared By Taking Up A Ball Of Molten Colourless Glass On The End Of The Blowpipe, ...
Mixing
Mixing. A Suitable Vessel Must Be Obtained For Mixing. It Is. Perhaps, More That This Should Be Opaque, Or Of A Rub, Or Orange Colour. Further, It Must Have I A Wide Mouth, To Allow Of Stirring, And Easy Addition Of Other Solutions. It Must Be Glazed And Free From ...
Modelling The Features
Modelling The Features. Presuming A Smooth Effect Has Been Ob Tained, Which Will Require A Great Deal Of Study, The Face May Be Modelled. Still Using One Of The Before-mentioned Touches, Start With The Forehead, Increase The Light On It Above The Eyebrow, Rounding It Into A More Pleasing Form. ...
Monckhovens Intensifier
Monckhoven's Intensifier. By This Method A Mixture Of Mercury And Silver Is Deposited On The Original Image, Giving An Excellent Black Colour. Two Solutions Are Required, Both Of Which, It Should Be Noted, Are Highly Poisonous, The Potassium Cyanide Being One Of The Dead Liest Poisons Known. No. 1.—mercuric Chloride ...
Monochrome View Meter
Monochrome View Meter. A Difficulty Always Strongly Felt By The Beginner Is That Of Making Allowance For The Very Different Rendering Of A Coloured View When Reproduced In Monochrome. Often The Chief Charm Of A Landscape May Consist Of Its Harmonious And Vivid Colour Ing, And Since This Is Lost ...
Motional Perspective
Motional Perspective. To Create The Sensation Of Solidity From Mere Images Thrown Upon A Screen By Means Of An Optical Lantern, And Without Further Assistance To The Eyes, Is Seem Ingly Impossible, In View Of The Facts Relative To Binocular Perception Already Pointed Out. This, However, Is Clone By Apparatus ...
Mounting
Mounting. The Print Is Often Mounted Without Previous Wetting, As This Tends To Prevent Cockling Or Curling Of The Support, And Is Less Liable To Damage The Surface Of The Print. One Way Of Doing This Is To Lay The Print Face Down On A Sheet Of Clean Paper, Holding ...
Mounting Glazed Prints
Mounting Glazed Prints. As The Glazed Surface Of The Print Would Be Injured Or Removed By Again Wetting It, A Different Method Of Mounting Becomes Necessary. A Waterproof Backing Paper Is Obtainable ,which Enables The Prints To Be Mounted With Starch Without Injury. A Sheet Of This Backing Paper Is ...
Mounting With Canada Balsam
Mounting With Canada Balsam. The Mounting Material Is Canada Balsam ; As Sold At The Chemist's This Is A Thick Fluid Of Honey - Like Con. Sistency. It Is Placed In A Saucer And Baked In The Oven Until It Is Quite Hard When Cold ; It Is Then Broken ...
Movements And
Movements And Fittinns Of The Scope. The Microscope Should Be Firmly Planted On Its Support, So That There Is No Vibra Tion When It Is Touched. There Are Two Fundamental Forms Of Support, The " Horse Shoe" Seen In The Zeiss, Ross, And Leitz Microscopes, And The Tripod As In ...
Movements And Fittings Of
Movements And Fittings Of The Camera. For General Photographic Work The Camera Should Have The Following Move Ments : A Double Extension—that Is, Both A Sliding Board Or Frame And An Extending Base. The Total Extension Should Be Equal To Or Greater Than Twice The Diagonal Of The Plate To ...
Niepces Application Of The
Niepce's Application Of The Bitumen Process. A Metal Plate Was Coated With A Solu Tion Of Bitumen, And Allowed To Dry. It Was Then Exposed For Several Hours To The Image Formed Inside A Camera Obscura, The Result Being That The Parts Affected By Light Were Rendered Insoluble, While The ...
Oil Lamps
Oil Lamps Have The Advantage Of Convenience In, Some Instances, Being Everywhere Ob-. Tainable ; But If Used, Considerable Care Should He Bestowed Upon Them. The Thisagreeable Odour Issuing From Them, When Improperly Attended To, Is Unpleasant Enough In Itself ; But There Is A Still Greater Danger Of These ...
Oil Lamps_2
Oil Lamps. The Illuminants Already Considered Are Excellent In Every Respect, But They Are Somewhat Expensive. For Ordinary Photomicrographic Work With Magnifica Tions Up To About 400 Diameters, The Homelier Paraffin Lamp Or Incandescent Gaslight Will Be Found, When Properly Ap Plied, To Be Perfectly Satisfactory. They Do Not Give ...
Old Toning Baths
Old Toning Baths. These Will Contain Both Gold And Silver. They Should Be Kept In A Jar Or Tub Until A Sufficient Quantity For Treatment Has Been Obtained, The Collected Solution Being Then Concentrated By Evaporation In A Dish. After Concentration, Granu Lated Zinc Should Be Added, And The Whole ...
One Exposure Stereoscopy With
Stereoscopy With One Lens, One Exposure. The Inventor Of The Last Mentioned Device Was Also The Originator Of The Instrument Termed The " Stereoscopic Transmitter," Shown In The Accompanying Illustration, Fig. 827. Here The Principle Of Reflection Is Used In The Following Manner, Reference Being Made To Fig. 828. Let ...
Optical Centre Of Conipou
Optical Centre Of Conipou Nd Lenses. In Doublet Lenses Of Rectilinear Con Struction, And Also In Must Symmetrical Combinations, The Optical Centre Of The Lens Is Situated Practically At The Dia Phragm. And Measurements From The Latter To The Ground Glass Will Give A Sufficiently Accurate Estimate Of The Equivalent ...
Ortuochromat1c Plates In Portraiture
Ortuochromat1c Plates In Portraiture. The Use Of Orthochromatic Plates For Portraiture Is By No Means General, Nor Are They Necessary For The Usual Run Of Work. Their Employment In Certain Cases, However, Is To Be Recommended, As, For Example, In Photographing Fancy Costumes Containing Combinations Of Colour Whose Proportionate Contrast ...
Other Articles
Other Articles. The Next Requirement Is Some Gum Solu Tion, Which May Easily Be Made By Dis Solving A Few Clear And Clean Lumps Of Gum Arabic In Warm Water. The Gum Should Be To Begin With, Or, Failing This, A Bromide, Which Will Probably Be The Easiest To Obtain ...
Other Causes
Other Causes. Figs. 209 To 213, Kindly Lent By The Im Perial Dry Plate Co., Ltd., Afford Inter Esting Examples Of The Different Effects Produced By Various Errors Of Working. Fig. 209 Shows A Cloud Of Small Spots Run Ning In A Regular Line Or Wave. This Re Sult Is ...
Other Hand Cameras
Other Hand Cameras. There Are Many Other Excellent Makes Of Hand Cameras Of Which Space Will Not Permit More Than A Casual Mention. The " Wizard," Of Which The Long-focus Pattern Is Shown By Fig. 672, And The " Premo " May Be Alluded To As Respectively Hand Some And ...
Other Methods Of Block
Other Methods Of Block :making. In The Albumen Process, A Zinc Plate Is First Rubbed With Fine Pumice Powder, And Etched To A Matt, Surface In A Bath Of Nitric Acid And Alum. It Is Then Coated Twice With A Biehromated Albumen Solu Tion, And Dried On A Whirler At ...
Painted Backgrounds
Painted Backgrounds. In Putting In A Vignetted Background With The Brush, It Is Customary First To Wash In A Middle Tint, Then Cross-hatch Over This To The Desired Shade. To Do This, First Of All Sponge Over The Part Which Is To Re Ceive The Wash ; Then, Commencing At ...
Painted Enamels
Painted Enamels. Photo-enamels Are Frequently Set In As Pendants, Lockets, Panels In Caskets, Or On Backs Of Watches, And There Is No Form Of Photograph More Suited To Such Purposes. It Is, However, Often Con Sidered That A Monochrome Picture Is Not Sufficiently Decorative For An Elaborate Setting, And This ...
Paper To Be Used
Paper To Be Used. A Perfectly Pure Paper Is Not Quite So Essential As In The Process Previously Described, The Chief Consideration Being That It Is Of A Good Colour And Sufficiently Opaque ; That Is To Say, When Laid Over A Sheet Of Newspaper, The Reading Matter Must Not ...
Photographing Flowers
Photographing Flowers. Flowers Require Particularly Careful Treat Ment, Both As Regards Arrangement And Lighting, For Error In Lighting Is Sufficient To Give Quite An Erroneous Idea Of The Trite Shape Of The Flower Photographed. However, With A Little Care, Thought, And Trouble, Most Charming. Truthful, And Beautiful Photographs Can Be ...
Photography Of Animals
Photography Of Animals. The Question Of Selecting A Suitable Camera For Photographing Animal Life Is Of Extreme Importance. The Ordinary Stand Camera Is Practically Useless, And Certainly Quite Out Of The Question So Far As Wild Animals Are Con Cerned. The Regulation Type Of Hand Camera Is Really Little Or ...
Photography Of Reptiles
Photography Of Reptiles. It Is Unfortunate That Reptiles Are Still Con Sidered Loathsome And Horrible Creatures By A Large Majority Of People, For Many Snakes And Lizards Are Most Graceful Creatures, Extremely Beautiful In Coloration, And Altogether Most Satisfactory Models. Reptiles Are In Most Cases Not Nearly So Difficult To ...
Plant Life
Plant Life. For Photographing Plant Life, A Camera With Long Extension, Swing Back, And Good Rising Front Will Be Found The Most Useful Type. It Is Desirable To Have A Fairly Long Focus Lens, And, As Allowing The Greatest Amount Of Light To Reach The Plate, A Focal Plane Shutter ...
Position Of The Light
Position Of The Light Filter. Considerable Controversy Has Taken Place Upon The Best Position For The Light Filter, And A Few Words On This Subject May Prove Of Service. The Coloured Glass Forming The Screen Is Optically Worked, That Is, Made Perfectly Flat Upon Both Sides, Its Position, From A ...