to the Atlantic on its whole eastern and southern parts, and its generally low surface above the sea, give New Jersey a climate of less extreme cold than time states inland in the same latitude, but not less extreme heat. The southern counties, however, surrounded by sea waters, show less range between extremes than other por tions of the state. Where fresh water joins the sea the marshes are malarious, and there are some portions of the lands overlying the trap-rock dikes where water settles into fissures below the surface and gives rise to malarial diseases. The very rich alluvial lands of the Delaware were formerly more subject than any other portions of the state to the same class of ailments, but in general have long since become quite as healthful as the average of lands. As a whole the state is eminently healthful, and the sandstone belt is considered particularly favorable to persons inclined to lung disease. The fol lowing table of thermometric and barometric observations gives the climate of Newark, which may be taken as representing the average a the state:, Industries—Agriculture and value of the farm and garden lands, with their implements, in 1870, was returned at $265,411,337; and the total value of the products of that year at $42.725,198. The record of quantities and values of market garden products is necessarily very imperfect. The immense orchard products of the state, especially peaches, also are not likely to be fully stated in any official reports. The value of market-garden products in 1870 was reported, $2,978,250; that of orchard prod ucts at $1,295,282. The following table of grain products is from the report of the U. S. commissioner of agriculture for 1878: The amount of milk sold from New Jersey in 1870 was 5,373,323 gallons, which at 20 cents per gall. would give a value $1,074,664. Butter, 8,266,000 lbs.; value, $2,066,506. The cranberry harvest the same year was estimated worth $353,000. Sweet potatoes are grown to a large extent, the sandy lands of the state being the most northerly section of the country in which they are grown with profit. The fisheries on the coast, especially of oysters, are a prolific source of wealth, and return nearly half a million dollars amm ally in a value. The state has board of fish commissioners, who are engaged iu stocking its fresh-water streams and upland lakes from their hatcheries. They reported for 1878 58,000 landlocked salmon and 2,500 black bass put into the lakes; 1,665,000 put in the Dela ware river; 500,000 California salmon and 243,000 brook trout batched and partially distributed; and 100,000 white fish hatched and not distributed. The work of this year indicates the result intended. A board of riparian commissioners have charge of the interests of the state in lands under tide-water.
Manufactu•es.—In 1870 New Jersey ranked seventh among the states in the value of her manufactures. The number of establishments was 6,636, and of employees 75,552: of whom 58,115 were men, 11,198 women, and 6,239 children. The capital supposed to be invested was $79,606,719, which would represent an average of $12,000 capital to each establishment. The wages then paid annually were $32,648,409, equal to an average of $432 per annum for each employee. This was at a period of highest prices for everything. The value of raw materials used was $103,415,245, and of the products of the year $169,237,732. The following are among the products greatest in value of these manufactures: The refining of sugars and molasses, $11,199,740; flouring mills, $10,557, 070; iron and its rough products, $13,611,271; machinery, $8,818,123; leathers, $9,307, 9-i3; hats and caps, $5,007,270; cotton and woolen printed goods, $5,005,997; silk threads and fabrics, $4,527,644 (which increased in 1874 to $6,097,692, and will prob ably reach a far higher figure by the census of 1880); bleaching and dyeing, $4,889,695; cotton goods, thread, and yarn, $4,065,228; trunks, valises, and satchels, $3,703,000; clothing, $3,346,125; jewelry, $3,315,679; glass, window, and hollow ware, $2,805,126; boots and shoes, $2,830,322; liquors, malt and distilled, $3,674,218; carriages and wagons, $2,281,643; india rubber and elastic goods, $2,224,839; sash, doors, and blinds, $2,160,795; woolen and worsted goods, $2,415,805; lumber, planed and sawed, $3,097, 891; paper of all kinds, $1,$62,321; saddlery and harness, $1,732,305; brick, $1,695,580; tin, copper, and sheet-iron ware, $1,667,020; soap and candles, $1,606,234; steel, cast, and springs, $1,847,837; hardware, $2,182,395; paints, lead and zinc, $1,203,082; stone and earthenware, $1,106,935; bakery products, $1,203,082. Quarry products, a very
important item, are not returned. Of all the manufactures of New Jersey, it is probable that those of silk and iron will show the largest increase by the census of 1880, and that the annual products of most factories will be more largely increased than their values.
metropolis of New York is the great port of entry of the United States, and still more exclusively of the state of New Jersey; so that the foreign com merce of the state shows as a part of the customs business of city, and its commer cial relations with other states of the Union also appear in the statistics of the imports, exports, and sales of the city of New York. The customhouse districts of Perth Amboy, Newark, Little Egg Harbor, Great Egg Harbor, Burlington, and Bridgeton therefore show imports and exports of less than $100,000. The number of foreign vessels entered and cleared in 1874 was but 61, amounting to 9,707 tons—or less than 160 tons each; American vessels 35, tonnage 6,043, averaging 173 tons each. At the same time the registered, enrolled, and licensed tonnage belonging in New Jersey custom districts, June 30, 1874, was 1196 vessels, aggregating 102,100 tons. Of these 90 were steamers, repre senting 17.518 tons. Built in 1874, 75 vessels; aggregate tonnage, 8,301. While these figures are insignificant compared with the real share which the products and the capital of New Jersey have in foreign and coastwise commerce, railroads, on the other hand, bear across the state an immense commerce between the great cities of New York and Philadelphia and the country at large. By the returns in 1878, 58 railway companies have charters from the state, representing 1652 m. of road. Twenty-three are operated by their own boards; the other 33 are leased by seven railway corporations. A general law for the incorporation of railway companies was passed in April, 1873, doing away with special charters 'and monopolies in the future. The capital in railways and equip ments in the state in 1875-was $156,324,108. The horse railways of the larger cities of the state, with their equipments, represented a capital of $1,550,000, managed by five companies.