NEW JERSEY (ante). One of the original thirteen United States of North America, lying between the Hudson river and the Atlantic ocean on the e., New York on the n., Delaware bay and river and Delaware and Pennsylvania on the w.,•and Delaware bay on the s., mostly between 39' and 41° n. lat. and meridians 73° 53' 51' and 75 33' 02' w. from Greenwich. Its extreme length is 168 m.; greatest breadth, 59 in.; narrowest part, ; 7,576 sq.m., or 4,849,000 acres; pop. '80, 1,130,892. There are 21 counties: Trenton is the capital; Newark the largest city. The following table shows the growth of the state and the character of its population from 1790 to 1880 iuclusive: By the above table it appears that the ratio of increase of population more than doubled its preceding rate between the years 1840 and 1870, and is now (1880) decreasing. In 1790 it was the ninth state in population; in 1870 the seventeenth.
ranges of mountains of moderate height traverse the tr. part of the state ip a direction n.e. and s.w., and all form low links in the Appalachian chain, which merge into the Catskills, the Shawangunk, and the Highlands of the Hudson on the me., and are divided from the Allegheny mountains of Pennsylvania by the Dela ware river on the s.w. The outcropping rock formations cross the state in bands, in the same n.e. and S.W. direction. The most northerlyand highest range of mountains is the Blue or Kittatinny, having a maximum height of 1800 ft. near the New York line, whence it forms an unbroken ridge to "the Delaware water gap." This range has a more rapid ascent on the e. side than on the w., and its summit lies a considerable extent of table-lauds, naturally well timbered and fertile, under culture. The Kittatinny valley lies between the range just described and the Highland range s.c. of it. It is a valley of great beauty of scenery and agricultural capability, from 500 to 650 ft. above the sea, about 39 in. in length by 10 in breadth. Berkshire, Longwood. and Greenwood Lake valleys are smaller vales of the same general character. The Highland range next s.e. is in many broken mountain ridges and spurs, extending over a width of 22 in. on the n.e. boundary of the state, and narrowing to 10 in. at the Delaware river, where they leave the state. The maximum height of this range is at Rutherford's hill or Hamburg moun tain, 1488 ft. above the sea, and \Vawavanda mountain, near the New York line, which
is 1450 feet. The summer resorts on Schooley's and Musconetcong mountains are on two separate ridges of this range. This range of hills and ridges is generally more abrupt on its s.w. than on its n.e. side. The trap-rock formation which the Hudson river exhibits in its palisades, beginning a few miles above New York, is a dike breaking through a red sandstone formation which approaches the Hudson from the w.. turns s. so as to form the palisades, and terminates at Jersey City, near which it has been tunneled by the Erie and the Delaware, Lackawanna and Western rail way companies, and cut deep for the passage of the New Jersey Central. West of this ridge of trap rock are what are known as first, second, and third mountains, being the names given to the successive comparatively abrupt ascents from the alluvial levels near New York bay to the mountain ranges before described. Parts of the first rise are known as Orange, Fairmount, and Mont Clair mountains. This portion of the state, geologically a port of the sandstone belt, is one of the richest upland slopes, and has been noted as the northernmost limit of many trees and shrubs of the southern states, which found protection from westerly winds on the e. sides of the hills, with a climate modified by proximity to the sea. Michaux, in his Nort76 Ameri can Sylca, shows that he found a greater variety of trees and shrubs in this locality than in any other part of the horthern states. South-west of the Orange mountain range are trap ridges, known as Rocky hill, Ten-Mile-Run mountain, Long hill, Sourland moun tain, and Goat bill; and, further n., Roiled mountain and Pickle mountain, the latter 767 ft. above the sea. All these elevations of trap rock show their most abrupt faces to the e., and slope away gently to the westward. The s.c. part, and nearly two-thirds of the area of the state, has no elevations of any importance; the Neversink highlands, seen from Sandy Hook as one approaches by sea from the e., have a maximum height of 400 feet. They are exceptional elevations in a gently rolling sandy plain which stretches from the sea to the Delaware river, with a slight rise from each towards the center of the state, where the average summit-level is about 160 ft. above the sea.