For other great branches of industry, see Inox, POTTERY, etc.
Imports and following table exhibits the value of the imports and exports for the years 1857, 1858, 1861, and 1875: The chief imports are raw cotton, corn and flour, sugar, wool, silk manufactures, and tea; the chief exports are cotton manufactures, woolen and worsted manufactures, iron and steel, linen manufactures, coals and culm, and machinery. • Gold and Silver Bullion and computed real value of the gold and silver bullion and specie brought into the United Kingdom in 1858 was £29,493,190; in 1859, £37,070,156; in 1860, £22,978,196; and in 1861, £18,747,045. Of this quantity, Austra lia sent by far the most—viz., in 1858. £9,066,289; 1859, £8,627,854; 1860, £6,719,857; and 1861, £6,331,828. Mexico, South America, and the West Indies were the next largest exporters; then the United States and France. The exports from the United King.dom during the same period were-1858, £19,628,876; 1859, £35,688,803; 1860, £25,534,768; 1861, £20,811,648. The declared real value of 'gold and silver bullion and specie imported into the United Kingdom (luring the year 1871 was—gold, £21,613,005; silver, £16,527.322; total, X38,140,327; exported—gold, £20,698,275; silver, £13,062,396; total, £33,760,671. The declared real value of such bullion and specie imported during the year 1875 was as follows—gold, £23,100,834; silver, £10.123,955; total, £.33,224,789; exported—gold, £18,810,426; silver, £8,906,726; total, £27,717,152.
Britain had, in 1861 (exclusive of river-steamers), 19,288 registered sailing-vessels, with an aggregate burden of 3,918.511 tons, and 997 steamers, carrying 441,184 tons, making together 20,285 vessels, of 4.359,695 tons burden, and employing, ekclusivc of masters, 171,957 seamen. During the same year, there were built -and registered in the United Kingdom 1186 vessels, 215 of them steam, of an a,g,gregatie burden of 310.900 tons. The total tonnage of vessels entering and clearing British ports in 1861 was 26,595,641 tons, 21,924,083 tons representing cargoes, the rest being ia ballast. The coast trade of Great Britain during the same year amounted to 17,355,235 tons, all but 93,000 tons being carried by British ships. In 1871 the number of regis tered sailing-vessels engaged in the home trade was 11,838, employing 41,828 men, and their tonnage was 777,185. The number of steam-vessels, exclusive of river steamers,
In the same trade Wag 1191; men, 12,613; tons, 195,125. The number of sailing-vessels engaged in foreign trade was, in the same year, 300, with 5,767 men, and an aggreovite of 157,964 tons; and of steam-vessels, 1066, with 40,323 men, and an aggregate of 93414 tons. In 1875 there were in the United Kingdom 20,644 sailing-vessels and 4,160 steamers registered under the merchant shipping act. The estimated number of seamen was 257,336, an increase of more than 50,000 since 1870. It will be seen that the merchant navy is availing itself, to a large degree, of steam-power.
Rally:ay.—The total length of lines open for traffic in the United Kingdom in 1860 was 10,433 miles. During the year, 163,435,678 passengers traveled, of whom 20,625,851 were first class, 0,041,814 second class, and 93,768,013 third class. The amount of money derived from these travelers was—first class, £8,170,935; second class, £3,944,. 713; third class, £4,162,487. Luggage, mails, etc., brought up the receipts from pas senger-traffic to £13,085,7.56. The goods-traffic in the same year amounted to £14,680,866, making a total income of £27,766,622. ,The total amount invested in railways by shares w and loans in 1858 was £325,375,507, on which was paid interest to the total amount of £6,653,166. The average rate of dividend on the ordinary share capitaj over the whole kingdom in 1858 was 3.06 per cent; the proportion per cent of expenditure to total receipts in 1860 was 47. In 1860 the rolling-stock of the various companies consisted of 5,801 locomotives, 15,076 carriages of all kinds, and 180,574 wagons. At the end of 1814 there were 16,448 miles of railway open for traffic—showing an addition since 1860 of 6,015 miles. Of this entire length 11,622 miles belonged to England and Wales; to Scotland, 2,609; and to Ireland, 2,127. To the total capital paid up, England and Wales contributed £508,720,097; Scotland, £71,327,140; and Ireland, £29,902,682. At the end of 1877 there were 12,098 miles.of railway open in England and Wales; 2,776 in Scotland; in Ireland, 2,203—in all, 17,077 miles.