III. LATER LATIN VERSIONS. — Both before and since the invention of printing, attempts have been made to present, through the medium of Latin, a correcter version of the original texts than that found in the more ancient Latin versions. Of these we have space only for a bare catalogue. (See notices of the authors, under their names in this work.) 1. Adam Eston, a monk of Norwich, and Car dinal (died 1397), seems to have been the first who thought of a new version ; he translated the O. T., with the exception of the Psalter, from the Hebrew ; his work is lost (Hody, p. 440 ; Le Long—Masch ii. 3. p. 432).
2. Giannozzo Manetti, who died in 1459, began a translation of the Bible, of which he finished only the Psalms and the N. T. ; this is lost (Tiraboschi, Storia della Lett. Ital., VI. 2, p. tog, ff.) 3. Erasmus translated the N. T., and published the translation along with the Greek text, Basil. 1516, fol.
4. Th. Beza issued his translation of the N. T. in 1556 ; it appeared along with the Vulgate ver sion. Four other editions followed during the author's lifetime ; and these present the Greek text as well as the Vulgate and I3eza's own trans lation ; many other editions have since followed. Beza aimed at presenting a just rendering of the original, without departing more than necessary from the Vulgate. His renderings are sometimes affected by his theological views.
5. Sanctes Pagninus, a learned Dominican from Lucca, produced a translation of the whole Bible, Lugd. 1528, 4to ; and Colon. 154r, fol. Later editions of this work, with considerable alterations, appeared ; one edited by the famous Mich. Ser vetus, under the name of Villanovanus, Lugd. 1542 ; another revised and edited by R. Stephen, Paris 1557, 2 VO1S. fol. (with a new title, 1577). This latter has been often reprinted. The version of Arias Montanus printed in the Antwerp, Paris, and London Polyglotts, is a revision of this ver sion.
6. Cardinal Cajetan employed two Hebrew scholars, a Jew and a Christian, to supply him with a literal version of the O. T. This they
accomplished, and the work appeared in parts, the whole being published in 5 vols. fol., Lugd. 1639. The N. T., translated on the same principle of striot literality, appeared in 2 vols. fol., Venet. 1530, 1531.
7. Sebastian Munster added to his edition of the Hebrew Scriptures a Latin translation, which appeared at Basle in 1534-35, and again in a second edition in 1546, 2 vols. fol. This transla tion is faithful without being slavishly literal ; and is executed in clear and correct Latin. Portions of it have been published separately.
8. The Zfirich version, begun by Leo Jud, and completed by Bibliandcr and others, was printed in 1543, fol., and again in 4to and 8vo in 1544. This version is much esteemed for its ease and fluency ; it is correct, but somewhat paraphrastic. It has been frequently reprinted ; there is one edi tion by R. Stephen, Paris 1845.
9. Sebastian Castellio produced, in what he in tended to be purely classical Latin, a translation of the O. and N. T., Basil. 1551, again 1573, and at Leipz. 1738.
to. The version of Junius and Tremellius ap peared at Frankfort in parts between 1575 and 1579, and in a collected form in 1579, 2 vols. fol. Tremellitts took the principal part in this work ; his son-in-law Junius rather assisting him than sharing the work with him. Tremellius translated the N. T. from the Syriac, and this, along with Beza's translation, appeared in an edition of Tre mellius's Bible, published at London in 1585. The translation of Piscator is only an amended edition of that of Tremellius.
II. Thomas Malvenda, a Spanish Dominican, engaged in a nova ex Hebrxo tmnslatio,' which lie did not live to finish. What he accomplished was published along with his commentaries, 5 vols., Lugd. 165o, fol. ; but the extreme bar barism of his style has caused his labours to pass into oblivion. He died in 1628.
12. Cocceius has given a. new translation of most of the Biblical books in his commentaries, Opera Omnia, tom. i.-vi., Amsterdam 1701.