IL Mode in which quotations from the O. T. in the N. T. are introduced.—For this purpose cer tain formula are employed, of which the following is a list : Kaedn or wive ygyparrat, cries -yerypar rat ; -ye-ypayygrov, '0 A6-yos 6 7E-ypanpivos, crisis T5 yeypcip„uevoy,'Et3W1, KaOths cipnrae, Kara rd elpAuevov, -ypacbii eire or Xbyet, 01 simply 14-yet (sup. Orbs vel 7rpOkTnS), rEpt4x6t ypaSeni, 0 v6Aos Erp77KE St rtS, BVITET6 rb elpmulvov, 066€7rore civeypcore ; KaOcIn. eXaXno-e, TOTE brAn pc6O77 n 7pacp47, 'Iva (gran) 71-?vripoOg (reNetwq) Tb (47 -ypaq5i). Surenhusius is of opinion, and labours to prove, that by attending to the force of these different formulse, we may ascertain with what intent the words they respectively introduce are quoted, as each formula, he asserts, involves a diffe rent meaning (Prat. in Bib. Catall.) A fatal objec tion, however, to this opinion is, that we find the very same expressed in the same words, and brought to prove thevery same points, introduced by different formithe in different gospels (Home, hitrod., ii. 339). At the same time, there are ob viously two classes of these formula:, the difference between which is distinctly marked by the circum stance that, whilst some of them merely express the fact that what follows is a quotation, others of them intimate the existence of a material relation between the passage quoted and the subject of which the writer quoting it is treating. Thus, when it is simply said, ' The Scripture saith,' no thing more is necessarily implied than that what follows is taken from the 0. T. ; but when it is said, Then was the Scripture fulfilled which saith,' or This was done that the Scriptures might be fulfilled,' we immediately perceive that the writer would intimate a real connection of some sort between the event he is recording and the statement with which he compares it in the passage quoted. We may, therefore, so far adopt the hypothesis of Surenhusius, as to admit a distinc tion between these two classes, and expect to find in the passages introduced by the latter of them something more than a mere verbal quotation.
Beside the quotations introduced by these for mula' there is a considerable number scattered through the writings of the apostles which are inserted in the train of their own remarks without any announcement whatever of their being cited from other writers. To the cursory reader the passages thus quoted appear to form a part of the apostle's own words, and it is only by intimate acquaintance with the 0. T. Scriptures, and a careful comparison of these with those of the N. T., that the fact of their being quotations can be de tected. In the common version every trace of quotation is in many of these passages lost, from the circumstance that the writer has closely fol lowed the LXX., whilst our version of the 0. T. is made from the Hebrew. Thus, for instance, in 2 Cor. viii. 21, Paul says, Irpovooliuevot Kea of 1-c6vov isdsriov Kvpiou, aaaa Kat evcinrcov civOpthn-cov, which, with a change in the mood of the verb, is a verbatim citation of the LXX. version of Prov. iii. 4. Hardly any trace of this, however, appears in the common version, where the one passage reads, Providing for honest things not only in the sight of the Lord, but also in the sight of men ;' and the other, So shalt thou find favour and good understanding in the sight of God and man.'
So also in I Pet. iv. 18, the apostle quotes word for word from the LXX. version of Prov. xi. 31, the clause, ei 6 SiKaws ,u6Xts. o-c4crac, 6 arreAs ea/ a/Aar:10,6s 7rof; Oave2rat ;—a quotation which we should in vain endeavour to trace in the common version of the Proverbs, where the passage in question is rendered, Behold, the righteous shall be recompensed in the earth ; much more the wicked and the sinner.' Such quotations evidently show how much the minds of the N. T. writers were imbued with the sentiments and expressions of the 0. T., as exhibited in the Alexandrine version.
III. Purposes for which these quotations are intro as appears from an examination of the passages, are three.
s. For the explanation or proof of some doctrinal Paul, for the sake of explaining and confirming his doctrine of the efficacy of faith, quotes repeatedly from Habak. ii. 4, the sentence The just shall live by faith.' So also, in order to prove that mere natural descent from Abraham did not of itself entitle any one to the divine favour, the same apostle quotes the terms of God's promise to Abraham, in which he expressly declares that in Isaac alone of all Abraham's family was the seed of Abraham—i.e., the spiritual Israel—to be called or chosen. Comp. also Rom. iv. 7, 8 ; ix. 12, 13, 15, 17, 20, 21 ; X11. 19, 20 ; X1V.
II, etc. It is to be observed that the passages thus adduced are almost always found in writ ings addressed to Jews, and are therefore to be re garded as containing argumenta e concessis. They are always applied, if not in the words, at least in the sense of the original from which they are taken.
For the purpose of pointing out the applica tion of the passage quoted to some statement or descrip tion in the context into which it is introduced. From the circumstance that several of the passages thus adduced are in the phraseology of the N. T., as well as in that of the Rabbinical writings, said to be fulfilled,' it has been hastily inferred by some that they are all to be regarded as designed pro phecies of the events to which they are applied. For this opinion, however, no adequate support seems to be afforded by the phrase in question. The general idea attached to the verb rXnp6co is that of filling up to its full capacity anything of which it is predicated. Thus the Jews are said by Christ to have filled up the measure (uNnpthcrare Agrpov) of their fathers, Matt. xxiii. 32. The phrase in question consequently is susceptible of applica tion to whatever is thought of as supplying the complement of any given capacity, and that whether it is used in a literal or tropical sense. Hence it is appropriately used in the N. T. with respect to passages quoted from the 0. T. in the following cases : First, when it announces the accomplishment of a prophecy contained in the words quoted. As the prediction is a mere empty declaration, as it were, until the fact predicted has occurred ; so that fact, by giving meaning and force to the pre diction, is viewed as its complement or filling up. Thus the N. T. writers, in recording the facts of our Lord's history, when they come to any which formed the subject of ancient prophecy, whether explicit or typical, direct the attention of their readers to the circumstance by adducing the pre diction and intimating its fulfilment in the fact they have recorded.