QUOTATIONS. The quotations contained in Scripture are of three classes—I. Those which the later writers of the O. T. make from the earlier, such as Micah iv. 1-3 from Is. ii. 2-4; Heb. ii. from Is, xi. 9 ; Jon. ii. 3 from Ps. xlii. 8 ; ii. 5 from Ps. lxix. 2 ; Obad. i. 8 from Jer. xlix. ; and several passages in the later Psalms, which are found also in the earlier. 2. The quotations made by St. Paul from heathen authors—viz., Acts xvii. 28 ; from Aratus, Phonon. 5 ; or Cleanthes, Hymn. ad 2Ov. 5 ; I Cor. xv. 33 from Menander's Thais ; and Tit. i. 12 from Callimachus Hymn. ad 8, according to Theodoret, or Epimenides according co Jerome, Chrysostom, Epiphanius, and others. To these may be added Gal. v. 23, where the words Kara 72)v TOLOVTC0P OOK tart v6uos are identical with the words of Aristotle, Pol. iii. 8 (Gill, Notes and Queries, v. 175). Perhaps also Acts xiv. 17, and James i. 17, from their rhythmical form, may be quotations. 3. Those which the N. T. contains from the O. T. This third class is the most important, and the only one demanding special notice here. In regard to it there are three points requiring to be considered—I. The sources whence these quotations are taken ; 2. The mode of their introduction ; and 3. The purpose for which they are made.
I. Sources whence the quotations are made. — These are two, the Hebrew original and the Sep tuagint translation. On comparing the passages in order to apportion the quotations between these two sources, we find that by far the larger number are taken either wholly or chiefly from the Septuagint, while a very few materially differ from both the Septuagint and the Hebrew. The latter were pro bably quoted from memory ; the occasion not re quiring punctilious accuracy in the citation. For the most part the deviations from the text of the Hebrew or the Septuagint are not material. They may be classed as follows :— I. Changes of person, number, or tense, in parti cular words. Thus in Matt. xxvi. 31, we read, rare*, 76v roculva, Kat Oiao-icop7ria04aerat recc rp6para TC13 'To/Arms, whilst the LXX. gives it, xd.7-r*v rip Irot,cava, sal K. T.X.
Zech. xiii. 7. John xix. 36, 'Oaroih' od cruorpt
Macros abrof,, for oil avorpiipere dr' carro'O, Exod. xii. 46. i Pet. ii. 24, 05 7-ci µitAwrrt abro5 IdOsre, for uthNwri carol Icienuev, Is. liii. 5, etc. Comp. also Matt. xi. to with Mal. iii. I ; and lohn xix. 37 with Zech. xii. 4.
2. Substitution of synonymous words or phrases for those used in the LXX. or Heb. : ex. gr., John xiii. 18, '0 I-poi-yaw Ater' iktoi) rio dprop, dr f jpes Er' ?ue 7ri-gpvav astral, for '0 go-Olow dprous ycu iuelnauvey Er' 1/.4 rrepvtalAdv, Ps. xl. (xli.) 9.
Comp. Heb. viii. 8, ff. Matt. xii. 20, where nth! Cleip tryi+ (Is. xlii. 3) is rendered by ifs exiiaXv cis ilexes rip Kple10. Sometimes the words thus substituted are synonymous with those for which they are used only historically ; as when Paul (Gal. iv. 3o) calls Isaac 6 lids Tits Aeuelpar, in a passage quoted from Gen. xxi. to, where, in the words of Abraham, he is mentioned by name as 6 v/os gov 'Io-acis. Occasionally also this kind of substitution is effected by the use of a word de scribing a species for one designating the genus to which it belongs ; as when Paul, in r Cor. iii. 20, substitutes the words o-ocbrp for the more gene ral expression 7-an, cloOpoirup, used in the passage (Ps. xix. i 1) which he quotes ; or as in Matt. xxii. 37, where is put for litp, the special kind of strength intended being that of the mind.
3. Words and phrases transposed :ex. Sr., Rom. x. 2o, Tar Ape pi) NTOIJOIP, 44aVor lyeudp7/s rat Apt 4it &eporreOo-iv, for 'Racbauts 4evt8ni.
Tar lue /.4* eipbhiv TOI$ Epl A Pirolguv, Is. lxv. I, etc.
4. Words and clauses interpolated or added : ex. gr., John vi. 31, dprov itc ror o6pavoi, Zoomev caerois Ocryek where the words TO1 and sba-yeiv are an addition (comp. Ps. lxxviii. 24). a Cor. xv. 45, 'Eybero 6 rprrros dvepoiros 'ASatt els xi7v Paap, where the words 7rpiiiror and 'A Sap arc added by the apostle (comp. Gen. ii. 7). These additions are made sometimes from paral:el passages, and sometimes of the writer's own device, for the pur pose of rendering the meaning of the passage clearer, or connecting it more readily with the pre ceding or subsequent context.