UOMO , IT. Adam, TURK.
Hito, JAr. Zem, ZEND.
Man, a derivative root, means to think. From this we have the Sanskrit mann, originally thinker, then man. In the later Sanskrit we find derivatives, such as manava, mti-nusha, manushya, all expressing man. In Gothic we find both man and mannisks, and in the modern German mann and mensch.
The question whether mankind consists of one or of several species, has of late years been much agitated by anthropologists, but those naturalists who admit the principle of evolution, though they may, for the sake of expressing their amount of difference, designate them as distinct species, nevertheless feel no doubt that all the races of man are descended from a single primitive stock. Virey held that there were six species or races ; Jacquinot, three ; Kant, four ; Blumenbach, five ; Buffon, six • Hunter, seven; Agassiz, eight ; Pickering, eleven ; Bory St. Vincent,. fifteen ; Desmoulins, sixteen ; Morton, twenty-six; Craw ford, sixty ; and Burke, sixty-three.
Leibnitz and Lacepede classed the human race into European s,ILaplanders, Mongols, and Negroes ; Linnaeus into white, red, yellow, and black ; Kant into white, copper-coloured, black, and olive coloured races ; Blumenbach into Caucasians, 'Ethiopians, Mongols, Americans, and Malays ; Buffon into Northern (viz. Laplander), Tartarian, South Asiatic, black, European, and American races ; Prichard into Iranians (also Indo-Atlantics or Caucasians), Turanians (Mongolians), Amer icans, Hottentots and Bushmen, Negroes, Papuans (or woolly-haired tribes of Polynesia), and Alf ou rous (or Australians) ; and Pickering arranged them into whites, Mongolians, Malays, Indians, Negroes, 'Ethiopians, Abyssinians, Papuans, Negritos, Australians, and Hottentots.
Peschel, a recent writer, separates mankind into seven groups, races, sub-species, or species, viz. (1) the Australians and Tasmanians ; () the Papuans of New Guinea and adjacent islands ; (3) the Mongoloid nations, comprising the Asiatics of the continent, the Malaya-Polynesians, and the aborigines of America ; (4) the Dravida of Western India of non-Aryan origin ; (5) the Hottentots and Bushmen ; (6) the Negroes; (7) the Mediterranean nations answering to the Caucasians of Blumenbach.
But although the existing races of man differ in many respects, as in colour, hair, shape of skull, proportions of the body, yet if their whole organizations be taken into consideration, they are found to resemble each other in a multitude of points. Europeans and the bulk of the Hindus belong to the same Aryan stock, and speak a language fundamentally the same, but they differ widely in appearance, which is supposed by Broca to have arisen through the Aryan branches having, during their wide diffusion, been largely crossed by various indigenous tribes: In the East Indies, where, amongst Hindus, the system of caste prevails and keeps each sub-species distinct, I the Scythic Jat, the Rajput, the Brahman, the Turanian, and Helot races are seen to vary, from the black squat tribes of the mountains to the tall olive-coloured Brahman, with his intellectual brow, calm eyes, high but narrow head ; and in the Further Indies, the Burman, the Malay, the Negrito or Negro, and Papuan are all at once distinguishable. Amongst Indian Muhammadans,
too, as obtained from Arabia, Persia, and Scythia, and converts from Hinduism, where they have not intermarried, the distinctions are very marked.
Man was long supposed to have existed in the earth since about 6000 years, but it is now believed that he has existed from an incom parably greater period. The world appears as if it had long been preparing for the advent of mail. At the present day, even the most distant races of man, with the exception of some Negro tribes, are much more like each other than is generally supposed. In India, a newly-arrived European cannot at first distinguish the various native races, though they soon appear to him extremely dis similar ; and the natives of India cannot at first perceive any difference between the men of several European nations. There are, however, marked distinctions. The Mongolian, the Negro, the Australian, and the Ilottentot differ iu multitude of characters, some of slight, some of considerable importance, and are undoubtedly distinct species of the family of man, the Negroes of the present day being of the same form as those of 4000 years ago. The Malays and Papuans who live under the same physical con ditions, differ greatly. The different races of man are distributed over the world in the some zoological provinces as those inhabited by dis tinct species and genera of mammals. This is manifestly the case with the Australian, Mon golian, and Negro races of man ; in a less marked manner with the Hottentots, but plainly with the Papuans and Malays, who are separated by nearly the same line which divides the great Malayan ' and Australianprovinces. The different species, however, mingle together and produce progeny with mixed characters. In Brazil is an immense mongrel population of Negroes and Portuguese. In Chili and other parts of South America, the whole population consists of Indians and Spaniards blended in various degrees, and with complex crosses of Negroes, Indians, and Europeans. Capt. Burton observes that the mixture of French with Indian blood produces a favourable progeny, but that the offspring of the Portuguese and of natives of the East Indies is coarse and dark coloured. In S. America, en the contrary, the offspring of the Portuguese and Indians aro often fairer and never darker than that of the Indian. In one island of the Pacific is a small population of mingled Polynesian and English blood ; and in the Viti Archipelago is a population of Poly nesians and Negritos crossed in all degrees.