The ran-hun or wild dog, Cuon rutilans, is a native of the Kashmir ranges, and although not to say common, is by no means rare ; it is so stealthy in its habits that attempts to obtain specimens often prove abortive. They hunt in packs, and attack the largest deer. Even the Kashmir stag is said to be brought to bay and killed by packs of wild dogs. The wild dog seen by Dr. Ilooker on the Khassya mountains, and known there by the names kulsam and khas, may be a different species. though Colonel Sykes considers it identical with the kolsum of the Dekhan.
The domestic dog of the Jhelum district has a great resemblance to the pointer, and doubtless was introduced from India. Mr. Vigne makes a similar remark with reference to the dogs of the Rajawar district, south of the valley of Kashmir, where a formidable breed is also found, having the external appearances of the shepherd's dog, but much larger. A closely-allied form, not differing in any way from the Scotch collie, is common all over the cultivated regions of the Western Him alayas, and oven westward to the sources of the Oxus, as observed by Lieutenant Wood. This uniformity is in favour of the view that the shepherd's dog forms almost a permanent race, which may have been one of the original varieties.
The Tibetan black bear, Helaretos Tibctanus, probably finds its way across from the Lower Him alaya. The black bear of the Southern Provinces (U. labiatus) is not found in the Panjab. Helarctoa Tibetanus is common in the Panjab, and hunts among the ravines and around the villages at night. The isabella, or brown bear of the Him alaya, is an exceedingly stupid and unsuspicious animal in districts where it has not been disturbed. The contents of the gall-bladder are much prized as medicine by the hill people.
Malayana.-170 species of mammalia are known to inhabit Indo-Malaya. There are 24 of the quadrumana or monkey tribe, 10 of which occur in the Malay Peninsula, 11 of them in Sumatra, 9 in Java, and 13 in Borneo. The orang-utan are found only in Sumatra and Borneo ; the siamang, next to them in size, in Malacca and Sumatra, and the long-nosed monkey only in Borneo. The gibbons or long-armed apes and monkeys, and the lemur-like animals, Nycticebus, Tarsius, and Galeopithecus, are found in all tho islands. With the exception of the orang-utan, the siamang, the Tarsius spectrum, and the Galeo pithecus, all the Malayan genera of quadrumana are represented in India by closely-allied species.
In the Indo-Malay region are 33 caruivora, 5 of which—a tiger, leopard, civet, tiger-cat, and otter —are found in India and Malacca, and 20 in the Malayan region ; 13 have representatives in India of closely-allied species.
The Malacca glutton, Helictis orientalis, has the H. Nepalensis in the Himalaya. There are 22 hoofed animals in Indo-Malaya, 7 of which are found in India and Burma. The Bos sondaicus is found in Burma, Siam, Java, and Borneo. There is a goat-like animal in Sumatra ; the two. horned and the long-horned rhinoceros occur in Burma, Sumatra, and Java, and the elephant of India is found in Malacca, Sumatra, and Borneo. There are about 50 bats, of which under a fourth part occur in India; 34 rodents (squirrels, rats, etc., of which 6 or 8 are Indian ; and 10 insectivora, 9 of which are peculiar to the Malay regions. The Tupaia, insect-eaters, closely resemble squirrels, are almost confined to the Malay islands, as also are Ptilocerus Lowii of Borneo and Gymnurus Rafilesii. In Timor there are 15 bats and 7 land mammals ; amongst them the Macacus cyno molgus, the common monkey of all the Judo Malay islands. Paradoxurna fasciatus, a civet-cat, is found over much of the Archipelago.
Felis megalotis, a tiger-cat, is peculiar to, and rare even in Timor. Cervus Timoriensis, Sus TiMoriensis, Sorex tennis, and Cuscus orientalis are all found in Timor and the Moluccas. Para doxurus 'faiciatus is a eivet-:cat of Timor.
of Celebes consist of 7 bats and 14' terrestrial species, amongst them the spectrUm, Viverra tangalunga, and Rusa hippelapha. Cynopithecus nigrescens in Batehian is of a jot-black colour, and the size of a spaniel.
The Anoa depressicornis, called Sapi-utan or the wild cow of the Malays of Celebes, approaches the - ox-like antelopes of Africa, and has been classed as an ox or a buffalo and antelope. It is found only in the mountains, and never occupies places where there are deer.
The wild boar of Celebes is peculiar, but the Babirussa or pig deer there has long and slender legs, and the male has curved upper tusks turned back so as to resemble horns. It feeds on fallen fruits ; it is found in the Celebes, in the. Sulu Islands, and in Bouru. There are also 5 species of squirrels and 2 species of Cuscus or eastern opossums. Cynopithecus nigreseens, . the black baboon monkey, is also of Celebes.