The hot springs of Mornay (temp. 110°), at 16,000 feet, produce a golden-brown Ccenocoleus, representing a small form of C. cirrhosus, and a very delicate Splicerozyga an Anabaina, and Tolypothrix ; and at 17,000 feet, a delicate green Conferva, with long even articulations. With the latter is an Odontidium, allied to or identical with O. turgidulum; and with the former a fine species of Epithemia, resembling in form, but not in marking, B. faba (E. zebra) ; a fine Navicula, perhaps the same with N. major and Fragilaria virescens. In mud from one of the Mornay springs there was Epithemia Broomeii, a. s., and two small Naviculm ; and in the spring two other species of Epithemia., In the hot springs of Surajkund, and on their banks, at temperatures varying from 80° to 158°, at which point vegetation entirely ceases, a minute Leptothrix abounds everywhere, varying a little in the regularity of the threads in different specimens, but scarcely presenting two species. Between 84° and 112° there is an imperfect Zygnema, with very long articulations ; and where the green scum passes into brown, there is sometimes an Oscillatoria, or a very minute stellate Scytonema, probably in an imperfect state. Epithemia ocellata also contributes often to produce the tint. An Anabaina occurs at a temperature of 125°, but the same species was found also in the stream from the springs, where the water had become cold, as was also the case with the Zygnema. Mr. Thomas Brightwell found in a portion of the same specimen, Epithemia alpestris. The Diatomaceas consisted of Epithemia Broomeii, n. sp. I E. n. sp.
E. thermalis, n. sp. Novieula Beharensis, tz. sp.
The vegetation in the three sets of springs was very different. As regards the Confervm, taking the word in its older sense, the species in the three are quite different, and even in respect of genera there is little identity ; but amongst the Diatomacere there is no striking difference, except in those of the Behar springs, where three out of the four did not occur elsewhere. In the Pugha and Mornay springs, the species were either iden tical with, or nearly allied to, those found in neigh bouring localities, where the water did not exceed the ordinary temperature.
In Ceylon, hot springs occur in two places in the Kandyan province, at Badulla, at Kitool near Bintenne, near Yaviutu in the Veddah country, and a fourth at Kannea, 7 miles beyond Trincomalee ; and there are two in the province of Uva, and one at Batticaloa. Their waters are considered efficacious in cutaneous ailments and rheumatism. A fifth is said to exist near the Patipal Aar, south of Batticaloa. The water in each is sufficiently pure to be used by the natives for domestic purposes.
In the hot springs of Kannea, the water flows at a temperature varying at different seasons from to 115°. In the stream formed by these wells, M. Reynaud found and forwarded to Cuvier two fishes, which he took from the water at a time when his thermometer indicated a tempera ture of 37° Reaumur, equal to 115° of Fahrenheit. The one was an apogon, the other an ambassis ; and to each, from the heat of its habitat, he assigned the specific name of Thermalis. Also a
'oche, Cobitis thermalis, and a carp, Nnria ther moicos, were found in the hot springs of Kannea at a heat of 40° cent., 114° Fahr. ; and a roach, Leuciscus thermalis, when the thermometer indi cated 50° cent., 122° Fahr.
Fish have been taken from a hot spring at Puri when the thermometer stood at 112° Fahr., and as they belonged to a carnivorous genus, they must have found prey living in the same high tempera ture.
Fishes have been observed in a hot spring at Manilla, which raises the thermometer to 187°, and in another in Barbary, the usual temperature of which is 172° ; and Humboldt and Bonpland, when travelling in South America, saw fishes thrown up alive from a volcano, in water that raised the temperature to 210°, being two degrea below the boiling point. The springs of Kanner are situated in low ground abounding in quartz surrounded by low jungle, in an unhealthy country Of the twowarm springs in the province of one is at Badalla, in Upper Ouva, about 1861 feel above the level of the sea, where the mean annua heat is about 69° ; the other is about a mile am a half from Aliputa, in Lower Ouva, near the path on the way to Kotahowa, about 1061 feel above the level of the sea, where the meal annual temperature is probably about Hot springs also occur as under :— On Itanjit river.—Darjeeling Guide.
Between Meeaday and the Arakan Hills.—Phayre. Sitacund, near Chittagong.
Springs at Numyan, near Promo.
Hot-water fountain at Tavoy ; at Lunkyen, in Tavoy and at Sienli in Martaban.—Prinsep.
Near Kaline Aurig, Martaban.—Low.
Hot spring on Attaran river, Tenasserim.—Piddington Hot springs on the Palouk river and at Pee, betweei DIergui and Tavoy, some sulphuretted.—Major ArLeod.
There is a hot spring near Chiraua Puteh, an another at Salanama in Bandon. Tin has beer procured near Taba, and also near Chirana Putch Ayarpanas (hot water) spring near Malacca ; it, water, 115°, is said to be useful in rheumatism.
Hot springs, some of interest, exist at Yom mack, in lat. 24' N., long. 28' E., about 15 miles N.W. of Macao, with a temperature fron 132° to 190° Fahr. The springs are three it number, and are near a rivulet, 100 yards frog the river.
Hot springs occur in the Shantung provinc( of China at Ai-shan, about 12 miles from Chefoo also at Loong-chweu, 60 li E. of Ning-hai ; ai Wun-shih-ting, 70 li S. of Tung-chow ; near Yi. chow-foo, and at Chau-yuen, 60 li W. of Whang hien. The water is sulphurous, and baths have been established there.—Forbes, Ceylon, ii. p. 49 ; Bengal As. Soe, Journal, 1848 ; Jfrs. Hervey's Thrtat7i, i. p. 94; Patterson's Zoology, part ii. p. 211; Yarrell's British Fishes, i. part xvi. ; Ten nant's Ceylon, p. b9 ; Davy's Ceylon, pp. 42-46 ; Carter's Western India, p. 21; Pottinger's Beluch istan, p. 179 ; Hooker, Him. Jour. ; Tr. of Hind.; Dr. W. Ilibbert, In Jam. Ed. Journ. xxiv., 1837 ; Dr. Il. Kirk, in Jo. B. Med. Soc. No. vi.; Fleming ; Dr. Duncan, Be. Mcdl. Pro., 1836 ; Briggs ; Dr. Macpherson, in Indian Annals of Med. Sc., 1854 ; Livingstone, in Jam. Ed. Jonr.