Sunflower oil, Kwei-tsze-yu.
Sweet basil oil, Su-tsze-yu, is expressed from the seeds of a species of Ocimum. It is a fine drying oil, used in painting on porcelain and for varnishing.
Tallow tree seed oil, Ts'ing-yu, the Stillingia sebifera, is clear but of a dark colour ; about fifteen or six teen catties of it can be obtained from one pikul of berries. It is used to varnish umbrellas, to dress the hair, to fill lamps, and to mix with the tallow of candles ; given internally, it is purgative and emetic.
Turpentine oil, Tuh-nau hiang-yu.
B. Solid Oils.
Vegetable butters is a name given to the concrete oils of certain vegetables, from the resemblance to the butter obtained from the milk of animals. The term is also occasionally, but improperly, applied to some vegetable products which are entirely of a waxy nature, such as the wax of Myrica cerifera. The name is likewise bestowed in Siberia on cer tain Algae, species of the genus Nostoe, such as N. pruniforme. The most important vegetable butters are produced by species of Bassia, and by certain palms, such as the Cocos butyracea, and the Elais Guineensis ; the former is of great utility to the inhabitants of Brazil, where it grows naturally, and to the Negroes of St. Domingo, where it cultivated ; while the latter is very serviceable to the natives of Guinea. The generally known solid oils or vegetable butters are as follow : Butter of the great Macaw tree, from Acrcomia f usi fermis.
Almond butter.
African butter, also called Shea butter, from the Bassia Parkii or Pentadesmis butyracea of Sierra Leone.
Galam butter or ghi, from Bassia butyracea, Fulwa or Phulwara, HIND., a native of Nepal and Almora in Northern India.
Bassia latifolia and B. longifolia oils separate into two portions, one on the surface, fluid, and of a pistacio green colour ; the other of a brownish-green, and almost solid.
Kawan solid oil, of a pale-greenish colour, a good deal resembling the oils of the Bassia in character, though rather harder, and approaching more in properties to myrtle wax, was shown at the Great Exhibition of 1851, from Singapore. It was sup
posed to be the produce of the tallow tree of Java, called locally Kawan, probably a species of Bassia. It is very easily bleached; indeed, by exposure to air and light, it becomes perfectly white.
Broonga malagum oil from Masulipatam, separates into three portions, the uppermost fluid resembling brown sherry, the middle of the consistence of ghi, and brownish-yellow, and the lowest almost solid, and of a hair-brown colour.
Camujay tree oil of Travancore is a dark gelatinous mass, of the consistence of blancmange.
Carap or carab vegetable butter, from Carapa Guian ensis, a large tree in Trinidad and British Guiana.
Butter of cinnamon, from Cinnamomum verum or C. Zeylanicum. By strong decoction, the fruit yields a concrete oil, called cinnamon wax, used for candles, and which exhales a fragrant odour while burning. • Butter of cocoanut, from Cocos nucifera, which yields a concrete oil, but perhaps expensive. Cocoanut oil, prepared by rasping the pulp of fresh ripe cocoanut, adding a little hot water, squeezing and boiling the milky juice until the water has evap orated, and filtering through paper, produces an oil which separates into two portions, the one fluid and limpid, the other a solid concrete substance of a pure white colour, which in the shade remains unliquidated at all temperatures.
Butter of palm oil, from Elais Guineensis, a native of Africa and America. The concrete palm oil is much esteemed in Europe for unguents, and has been lately recommended for culinary purposes.
Solid palm oil is an export from the western coast of Africa, of the consistence of hard butter.
Erysimum perfoliatum is cultivated in Japan for its oil-seeds.
Fevillea scandens, the solid oil of the horse eyes and cacoons of Jamaica, is white and bard.
Gamboge butter, a product of the Garcinia pictoria, Boxb., is called Mukke tylum, TA3I. • Arasana gboorghy yennai, CAN. The tree grows abundantly in Mysore and the western coast jungles. Cocum butter is from Garcinia purpurea? or G. pictoria.