POPULATION OF THE EARTH. The esti mates must be little better than guesses for Africa. For this continent Dr. Rohlfs maintains that an estimate of 100 millions is quite enough, while Behm and Wagner retain the old figure of 200 millions with considerable hesitation. For China, the most varied estimates have been given, from 200 to 500 millions ; and Behm and Wagner have come to the conclusion that hitherto there have been over-estimations of the population of this vast empire ; so that, instead of a population of 434i millions (including Corea), they Teduce it to 3791 millions.
According to the latest data, the following are the areas and populations of the various conti nents, with the number of inhabitants per square kilometre : Europe,its area and populations.-Germany,1880, 540,496 sq. kil., 45,234,061 inhabitants ; Austria, 1880, 299,984 sq. kil., 22,144,244 inhabitants ; Hungary, 1880, 322,628 sq. kil., 13,695,184 in habitants; Holland, 1880, 32,999 sq. kil., 4,060,580 inhabitants (estimate); Luxemburg, 1880, 2587 sq. kit., 209,570 inhabitants ; Belgium, 1879 (estimate), 5,536,654 inhabitants ; Great Britain and Ireland, 1881, 314,951 sq. kit., 35,246,562 inhabitants ; Switzerland, 1880, 413,390 sq. kil., 2,846,102 inhabitants ; France, 1881, 528,571 sq. kil., 37,321,186 inhabitants ; Spain, 1877, 508,093 sq. kit., 16,625,860 inhabitants ; Portugal, 1878 (including Azores and Madeira), 92,828 sq. kit., 4,550,699 inhabitants ; Italy, 1881, 288,539 sq. kil., 28,452,639 inhabitants ; Greece, 1882 (esti mate), 64,688 sq. kil., 1,979,423 inhabitants ; Roumania, 1881, 129,947 sq. kil. (estimate), 5,376,000 inhabitants (official); Servia, 1881 (esti mate), 48,582 sq. kil., 1880 (estimate), 1,700,211 inhabitants ; Montenegro, 1882 (estimate), 9030 sq. kil., 236,000 inhabitants (official estimate). Turkey-I. Immediate Possessions, 1882 (esti mate), 165,438 sq. kit., 4,490,000 inhabitants ; East Rounielia, 1880, 35,901 sq. kil., 815,513 inhabitants ; Bulgaria, 1881, 63,865 sq. kit.,
1,998,983 inhabitants; Bosnia, Herzegovina, and Novi Bazar, 1879, 61,065 sq. kil., 1,326,453 in habitants. Including the tributary island of Samos, the area of the Turkish possessions in Asia is 1,899,069 sq. kil. and the population 16,357,000. Thus the total area of Turkey in Europe and Asia is 2,225,445 sq. kil. and population 24,987,000. Denmark, 1880, 38,440 sq. kit., 1,969,039 in habitants (Fames, 1333 and 11,220, Iceland, 104,785 and 72,438, Greenland, 88,100 and 10,000, Danish Antilles, 358 and 33,763),-total Danish kingdom, 233,000 sq. kit., 2,096,400 inhabitants ; Sweden, 1880, 450,574 sq. kil., 4,565,668 in habitants; Norway, 1880, 325,422 sq. kll., 1,913,500 inhabitants ; Russia, 1879, 5,427,124 sq. kil., 83,626,590 inhabitants, whereof European Russia has 4,888,713 sq. kil. and 74,493,809 inhabitants, Poland 127,310 and 7,104,760, Finland 373,603 and 2,028,021, Sea of Azof 37,496 sq. kil. Russia in Asia has had changesof boundarybetween Russia and China in Kuldja and in the Black Irtysh ; the formal annexation of the Tekke-Turkoman region ; the adjustment of the boundarybetween Russia and Persia in the Trans-Caspian region. The general result for Russia in Asia is as follows :-The Cau casus, 472,666 sq. kit., 5,646,554 inhabitants ; Trans-Caspian territory, 327,068 sq. kit., 203,000 inhabitants; Siberia, 12,493,109 sq. kil., 3,911,200 inhabitants ; Central Asia, 3,017,760 sq. kit., 5,036,000 inhabitants. Asiatic Russia has thus an area of 16,312,604 square kilometres and a population of 14,696,750 ; adding to this the figures for Russia in Europe, we have the total area of the Russian Empire as 21,739,728 square kilometres, and the population 98,323,000. For the independent Turkoman region, Behm and Wagner give an area of 206,500 sq. kil. and a population of 450,000 ; for Khiva, 57,800 sq. kil. and 700,000 inhabitants (the estimate of 1873) ; and Bokhara (including Shignan, Roshan, Karategin, etc.), 239,000 sq. kil. and 2,130,000 inhabitants.