On the other side of India, in Bombay, there is the khundi, exactly corresponding with the garce. The cube of half the side of the garce, or the half of the cubic cubit, is the parah of the same value as in Southern India, while the cube of one-fourth the side of the parah is the seer. In Malwan, the khundi is greatly altered in value, and becomes ten cubic cubits, proving that there is an understood connection between the cubit and measures of capacity. In the same district is the parah of half the cubic cubit. As an official recognition of the relation between measures of capacity and the cubit, it may be mentioned that when the Government of BombaY ordered that the measures for salt throughout the Konkan should be rendered uniform, it was resolved to employ a parah of exactly half, a cubic cubit, estimated at 19.5 inches. Reducing the measures referred to into a table, we find the following in cubic cubits:— Madras garce, . . . 40 Memel, 7 4 Malwan khundi, . . 10 Tumi, l'uti or bumum, . . 2 Nawty Tit6 Ghunubustu, . . . 1 Tum, "We see here two kinds of division besides the ordinary one of halves and fourths.
10 merest.% = 1 cubic cubit.
10 1 khundi.
Cube of side of cubic cubit pyli.
31 tt „ pamh ,--- seer.
If we compare the lengths assigned to the cubit in different parts of India, omitting one or two of the smallest and plainly diminished cubits, we shall find the average to be from 19.5 to 19.7 inches.
Trichinopoly is the only place where grain is said never t,o be sold by weight. The marcal (properly marakkal, from the Tamil) and parah are the commonest measures ; the latter is known throughout India. In Calcutta it is called ferrah, and is used in measuring lime, etc., which is still recorded, however, in the man weight. In its weights, Southern India retained, from the ancient- metrology. of the Hindus, most of the names and terms properly Hindu, pala ; bhara; - khari ;Y.; tula ; visa; 1,1z.) •• J (khandi)• Lk) baha. Throughout the Moghul empire, on the contrary, the seer and man were predominant. The word mAn, of Arabic or Hebrew origin, is used throughout Persia and .Northern India, but it represents very different values in different places. Thus the inan of Tabreez is only Gi lbs. avoir., while that of Palloda in Ahmadnaggur is 1631 lbs.
The following is the scale of measures in use at Madras :— Cub. In.
1 olluk ..=-- 11'719 8 olluk -= 1 path =- 93'752 8 padi = 1 rnarcal = 0'750 27 lbs. 2 oz, 5 marcal = 1 parah = 3'750 = 2 dr. water. 400 parab = 1 garce = 300'000 The Madras Revenue Board, on the 19th May 1883, furnished the revenue collectors with a statement, showing equivalents in Government seers of 80 tolas of local measures of different food-grains and of salt. The grains tested were four kinds of unhusked and husked rice, Oryza sativa ; the horse-gram, Dolichos uniflorns; the jowari or cholum, Sorghum vulgare ; the bajri or cumboo, Penicillaria spicata ; the varagoo, Pani cum miliaceum ; the ragi, Eleusine coracana ; the ulundu, Phaseolus mungo ; and wheat, Triticum mstivum.
Tam.— In the Ganjam district, the assumed normal contents of the turn, in rice, ranged from 80 to 280 tolas, with measures of cubic capacity 64.88 to 231.82 inches.
Seven seer measures, in use in the Madras Pre sidency, some of them struck, some liberally or moderately heaped, the assumed normal contents ranged from 75 to 130 tolas, viz. 75, 78, 80, 86, 90, 92, 130.
The tavva of four taluks of Vizagapatam is 33 tolas. .
The Bezwara mercal, liberally heaped, 260 tolas. The adda of Gudivada in the Kistna district, 210 tolas.
The manika and padi manika measure is in use in the Nellore and Kistna district, and liberally heaped contains from 106 to 200 tolas.
The measure in use in Bellary, Kurnool, Cud dapah, Madras town, and Chingleput is of 75, 80, 114, 120, 128, 130, 132, 135, 144, 150, and 160 tolas ; and there is a half measure of 75 at Madar pak, and one of 64 at the Neilgherries.
The padi is in use in the Tamil districts, where there are seven quantities of 75, 86, 116, 133, 140, 144, and 150 tolas ; and from half padi of 65, 66.5, 70, and 72 tolas.
The nail of Cochin is of .43 tolas.
A garce is assumed to contain 3200 measures, the weight of a measure of each of the following grains being—rice, unhusked, 80 tolas ; do. husked, 120; Sorghum vulgare, wheat, and Eleusine cora cana, each 111 ; Penicillaria spicata and Panicum miliaceum, each 102 ; Phaseolus mungo, 115 ; Dolichus uniflorus and salt, each 120.
The mercal of the Madras grain market is equal to eight Madras struck measures of 120 tolas each.
Seer.—The most common grain measure, and one which is to some extent known in almost every part of India is the seer measure ; this is always understood tO be a measure which, when heaped, will contain a seer weight of rice, or in some \ places, instead of rice, a mixture of e nine most common grains, known as the non- aniam measurement. The nine grains used i the Madras Presidency are rice, , chenna, culti, pessalu, minamalu, dholl, anamalu, gingelly oil seed, and wheat. As only heaped. measure is recognised by native usage, it is evident that there is no rule as to the cubic contents of the measures .used ; for vessels of very different cubic contents. may contain the same when heaped, in consequence of having different diameters. It is on this account that the values given to Indian measures, in such tables as those of Major Jervis, or Dr. Kelly in his Cambist, being founded on the gauged cubic contents, do not represent the true quantities.