Stove
Stove. A Receptacle For The Combus Tion Of Fuel For The Purpose Of Heating Houses, &e. The Closed Fire-grate For The Combustion Of Coal, With Its Various Appendages, Is Generally Called A Stove— Hence Register Stoves, Bath. Stoves, Are Often, And Indeed Generally, Very Unscientifically Constructed, And Calculated To Consume ...
Stove_2
Stove. In Horticulture, A Structure In Which Plants Are Cultivated That Require A Considerably Higher Temperature Than The Open Air In Britain And Similar Cli Mates. There Are Two Or Three Kinds Of Stoves, But The Principal Are The Dry Stove And The Damp Stove. The Dry Stove Is A ...
Strength
Strength. The Power Exerted By An Animal Or Machine In Overcoming Re Sistance. That Of The Horse Is Used As A Standard ; It Certainly Is The Most Useful, And That Whose Labor Is Susceptible Of The Most Numerous And Varied Applications. It Is Therefore Very Important To Ascertain His ...
Strength Of Materials
Strength Of Materials. The Force With Which A Solid Body Resists An Effort To Separate Its Particles, Or Destroy Their Aggregation, Can Only Become Known From Experiment ; Nevertheless, If We Assume An Hypothesis To Represent The Manner In Which The Elementary Particles Are Arranged And Cohere, General Formulas May ...
Sugar
Sugar, Is The Sweet Constituent Of Vegetable And Animal Products. It May Be Distinguished Into Two Principal Spe Cies. The First, Which Occurs In The Su Gar-cane, The Beet-root, And The Maple, Crystallizes In Oblique Four-sided Prisms, Terminated By Two-sided Summits ; It Has A Sweetening Power Which May Be ...
Sugar Of Lead
Sugar Of Lead, Properly Acetate Of Lead, Is Prepared By Dissolving Pure Litharge, With Heat, In Strong Vinegar, Made Of Malt, Wood, Or Wine, Till The Acid Be Saturated. A Copper-boiler, Rendered Negatively Electrical By Soldering A Strap Of Lead Within It, Is The Best Adapted To This Process On ...
Sulphate Of Iron
Sulphate Of Iron. Green Vi Triol, Copperas. Names Given To The Com Bination Of Sulphuric Acid With Protoxido Of Iron. It Is Made Up 1 Equivalent Sulphuric Acid 40 1 Equivalent Protoxide Iron 28 7 Equivalents Of Water 63 It Is Generally Made From The Bitumin. Oils Shales Of Or ...
Sulphur
Sulphur. Brimstone. A Yellow Brittle Mineral Product, Found In Various Parts Of The World; But Apparently Most Abundant In Volcanic Regions. It Most Commonly Occurs Massive ; But It Is Sometimes Met With Crystallized In The Form Of An Oblique Rhombic Octoedron. Fine Specimens Of This Description Are Seen In ...
Sulphuration
Sulphuration, Is The Process By Which Woollen, Silk, And Cotton Goods Are Exposed To The Vapors Of Burning Sul Phur, Or To Sulphurous Acid Gas. In The Article Straw-hat Manufacture, This Operation Has Been Referred To. Sulphnring-rooms Are Sometimes Con Structed Upon A Great Scale, In Which Blankets, Shawls, And ...
Sulphuric Acid
Sulphuric Acid. The Most Im Portant Compound Of Sulphur With Oxy Gen. It Occurs Native In Volcanic Dis Tricts In Equatorial Asia, And In Italy And Sicily,. I And Occasionally In Springs, Where There Organic Matter Brought Into Con Tact With A Ferruginous Sulphate : This Occurs In Some Of ...
Tachometer
Tachometer. A Contrivance In Vented For The Purpose Of Indicating Minute Variations In The Velocity Of Ma Chines. When A Vessel Containing A Fluid Is Whirled Rapidly Round A Vertical Axis, The Centrifugal Force Produced By The Whirling Motion Causes The Fluid To Re Cede From The Axis, And To ...
Taglia
Taglia. In Mechanics, The Name Given To A Particular Combination Of Pul Leys. The Taglia Consists Of A System Of Fixed Pulleys Collected In One Common Block, And Also Of A System Of Movable Pulleys In A Separate Block, To Which The Weight Is Attached, With One String Going Round ...
Tanning
Tanning. The Formation Of Leather From Skins. It Is Founded On The Fact, That The Tan Nin Principle Precipitates Gelatine, Or Animal Jelly, In An Insoluble State. Tan Nin Also Precipitates The Sulphate Of Iron, Lying Between The Hair And The Skin. By Strong Extracts Of The Bark, Seguin Tan ...
Tawing
Tawing. The Art Of Preparing Cer Tain Kinds Of Leather By Imbuing The Skins With Saline, Oily, And Other Mat Ters. (see Tanning.) Tea. The Leaves Of The Thea This Plant Resembles The Caineilia, But Its Leaves And Flowers Are Much Smaller. It Is Five Or Six Thct High, And ...
Telegraph
Telegraph. The Name Given To A Mechanical Contrivance For The Rapid Com Munication Of Intelligence By Signals. Of Late Years, The Term Semaphore Has Been Introduced By The French, And Frequent Ly Adopted By English Writers. Although The Art Of Conveying Intelli Gence By Signals Was Practised In The Ear ...
Telescope
Telescope. An Optical Instrument For Viewing Distant Objects. This Sub Ject Belongs More Properly To The Depart Ment Of Science, But As It Is An Instru Ment In Such General Use A Short Notice Will Be Given Here. It Is Not The Mere Distance Which Renders An Object Invisible Or ...
Textile Fabrics
Textile Fabrics. Under The Ar Ticles Of Flax, Cotton, And Linen, The Manufacture Of Those Fabrics Is Describ Ed. Under The Present Title, Only A Few Additional Observations Are Required The Reader Finding Further Information Under The Head Weaving. The First Business Of The Weaver Is To Adapt Those Parts ...
Theodolite
Theodolite. A Most Important Surveying Instrument For Measuring Hor Izontal Angles, Or The Angular Distances Between Objects Projected On The Plane Of The Horizon. Tins Instrument Is Various Ly Constructed, And Provided With Sub Ordinate Apparatus, According To The Price, Or The Particular Purposes To Which It Is To Be ...
Thermometer
Thermometer. An Instrument For Measuring Variations Of Heat Or Tempera Ture. The Principle Upon Which Thermome Ters Are Constructed, Is The Change Of Vol Ume Which Takes Place In Bodies When Their Temperature Undergoes An Altera Tion. Generally Speaking, All Bodies Ex Pand When Heated, And Contract When Cooled, And ...
Tilt Hammer
Tilt-hammer. A Heavy Hammer Used In Iron-works, Which Is Worked By Machinery, Impelled Either By A Water Wheel Or A Steam-engine. Such Hammers Are Extensively Used In The Manufacture Of Iron And Steel. The Hammer Used For Hammering The Blooms Of Iron, Is Usually Called A Lift Or Helve Hammer, ...
Tin Plate
Tin-plate. The Only Alloy Of Iron Interesting To The Arts Is That With Tin, In The Formation Of Tin-plate Or White-iron. The Sheet Iroruntended For This Manu Facture Is Charcoal Instead Of Coke, Subsequently Rolled To Various De Grees Of Thinness, And Cut Into Rectangles Of Different Sizes, By Means ...
Tobacco
Tobacco. The Dried Leaves Of The .nicotiana Tabacuni, A Plant Indigenous To This Continent, But Which Succeeds Very Well, And Is Extensively Cultivated, In Most Parts Of The Old World. The Recent Leaves Possess Very Little Odor Or Taste; But When Dried, Their Odor Is Strong, Narcotic, And Somewhat Fmtid ...
Tobaccopipes
Tobacco.pipes Are Made Of A Fine Grained Plastic White Clay, To Which They Have Given The Name. It Is Worked With Water Into A Thin Paste, Which Is Allowed To Settle In Pits, Or It May Be Passed Through A Sieve, To Separate The Silicious Or Other Stony Impurities; The ...
Torsion
Torsion, In Mechanics, Is The Twisting Or Wrenching Of A Body By The Exertion Of A Lateral Force. If A Slender Rod Of Metal Suspended Vertically, And Having Its Up Per End Fixed, Be Twisted Through A Cer Tain Angle By A Force Acting In A Plane Perpendicular To Its ...
Tortoise Shell
Tortoise-shell, Is Manufactured In Various Objects, Partly By Cutting Out The Shapes, And Partly By Agglutinating Portions Of The Shell By Heat. When The Shell, Has Become Soft By Dipping It In Hot Water, The Edges Are In The Cleanest Possible State, Without Grease, Pressed Together With Hot Flat Tongs, ...
Tunnel
Tunnel. In Engineering, A Subter Ranean Passage Cut Through A Hill Or Under A River, For The Purpose Of Carry Ing A Canal, Road, Railway, &c. In The Construction Of Railways And Canals, It Is Sometimes Absolutely Neces Sary, And Very Frequently Expedient, To Have Recourse To Tunnelling, Either To ...
Turning
Turning Is A Very Ingenious And Useful Art, By Which A Great Variety Of Ar Ticles Are Manufactured, By Cutting Or Fashioning Them While They Revolve Upon An Axis. Every Solid Substance In Nature May Be Submitted To This Process ; And, Accordingly, We Have Articles Turned In The Metals, ...
Turpentine
Turpentine Is The Substance Which Flows From Incisions Made In The Stem Of The Pine Species. It Has The Consistence And Color Of Honey, A Peculiar Smell, A Warm And Bitter Taste ; It Dries In The Air : It Melts At A Gentle Heat, And Burns When Ignited With ...
Types
Types. By This Term Is Understood The Letters, From The Smallest Size To The Largest, With Which Books And Other Arti Cles Are Printed. A Single Type Consists Of The Shank, The Beard, And The Face. The Shank Is The Body Of The Letter ; The Beard Is That Part ...
Ultramarine
Ultramarine Is A Beautiful Blue Pigment Obtained From The Variegated Blue Mineral, Called Lazulite (la Is Lazuli), By The Following Process :—grind The Stone To Fragments, Rejecting All The Co Lorless Bits, Calcine At A Red Heat, Quench In Water, And Then Grind To An Impalpa Ble Powder Along With ...
Valve
Valve. In Mechanics, A Close Lid Affixed To A Tube, Or Hollow Piston, Or Opening In A Vessel, By Means Of A Hinge Or Other Sort Of Movable Joint, In Such A Manner That It Can Be Opened Only In One Direction. For The Passage Of Water, The Clack-valve, Made ...
Vanadium
Vanadium. A Metal Discovered In 1830, By Professor Seftstrkim Of Fahlun, In Iron Prepared From The Iron Ore Of Taberg In Sweden. Vanadium Has Also Been Found In A Lead Ore From Wanlock Head In Scotland, And In A Similar Mineral From Zimapan In Mexico. Vanadium Is A White Brittle ...
Vanilla
Vanilla. The Succulent Fruit Of A Plant Of The Orchidaceous Order, Climbing Over Trees In The Tropical Parts Of This Con Tinent After The Manner Of Ivy. Its Fra Grance Is Owing To The Presence Of Ben Zoic Acid, Crystals Of Which Form Upon The Pod If Allowed To Be ...
Ventilation
Ventilation. This Word Liter Ally Signifies Fanning Or Blowing. In Domestic Economy, It Is The Art Of Con• Veying Currents Of Fresh Air Through Close Apartments Or Confined Places, So As To Maintain The Atmosphere In A State Of Purity. Atmospheric Air Consists Of Two Ingre Dients, Oxygen And Azote, ...
Vermicelli
Vermicelli, Is A Paste Of Wheat Flour, Drawn Out And Dried In Slender Cyl Inders, More Or Less Tortuous, Like Worms, Whence The Italian Name. The Gruau Of The French Is Wheat Coarsely Ground, So As To Free It From The Husk ; The Hardest And Whitest Part, Being Separated ...
Vermilion
Vermilion, Is Ethiop's Mineral, Heated Red-hot, And Sublimed. It Is E Bi-sulphuret Of Mercury. In A Cake It Is Cinnabar, But, In Powder, Vermilion,. Chinese Vermilion.—take Quicksilver And Sulphur, In The Proportion Of Sixteen Parts 'of The Former, To Four Of The Latter. After Powdering The Sulphur, Place The Two ...
Vinegar
Vinegar. Under The Head Ammo Acid Is Given The Mode Of Making Vine Gar From Alcohol. Under The Present Head Will Be Noticed The Manufacture From Fermenting Vegetable Juices. Al Most All The Vinegar Of This Country Is Made From Cider. It Is Only Lately, How Ever, That Any Regularity ...
Volatile Or Essential Oils
Oils, Volatile Or Essential; Manufacture Of. .the Volatile Oils Occur In Every Part Of Oderiferous Plants, Whose Aroma They Diffuse By Their Exhalation ; But In Different Organs Of Different Spa Dies. Certain Plants, Such As Thyme And The Scented Labiatte, In General Contain Volatile Ell In All Their Parts; ...
Voltaic Electricity
Voltaic Electricity. The Phe Nomena Resulting Front The Evolution Of Electricity By Chemical Action, As Mani Fested By That Important Instrument Of Electro-chemical Research Called The Voi 'sic Battery, Are Usually Included Under The Above Term. Whenever Substances Act Chemically Upon Each Other, Their Electrical States Are Disturbed ; But ...
Watch Making
Watch-making. The Wheels In Apring-clocks, And In Watches, Are Urged On By The Force T5 A Spiral Spring, Con Tained In A Hollow Cylindrical Barrel, Or Box, To Which One End Of A Cord Or Chain Is Fixed, And Lapping It Round The Barrel, For Several Turns Outside : The ...
Water Gas
Water Gas. This Name Is Applied To The Compound Gases Derived From The Decomposition Of Resin And The Admix Ture Of Hydrogen From Decomposition Of Water. So Long Back As 1833, Mr. Jobard, In France, Produced Hydrogen By The Decomposition Of Water, And Applied It To The Purposes Of Illumination ...
Water Wheel
Water Wheel. In Hydraulics, An Engine For Raising Water In Large Quan Tities. Also A Wheel Turned By The Force Of Running Water. The Kinds Most Known Are : The Undershot Wheel, And The Overshot Wheel. The Force On An Overshot Water-wheel Is That Of The Weight Of The Water ...
Waves
Waves. Undulations Of Fluids Pro Duced By Displacements Of The Particles At Some Distance, And The Subsecrent Ef Fort Of These To Regain Their Equilibrium, Or Place Themselves Upon The Same Fluid Level. The Waves Of The Ocean Produced By The Action Of The Winds Never Attain , The Height ...
Weaving
Weaving And Textile Fabrics. The Following Tables, Extracted From An Employed For This Purpose, Was The Jenny Of Hargreaves, Which Is Represented By The Following Cut. By This Machine One Person Was Enabled To Spin From 16 To 40 Threads At Once. The Soft Cords Of Rovings Wound In Double ...
Weaving_2
Weaving. The Art Of Forming Cloth In A Loom By The Union Or Intertexture Of Threads. The Art Of Weaving Is Of Great Antiquity : It Has Been Practised In All Ages And In All Countries • But It Would Impossible Mpossible Within Our Limits To'give Even A Sketch Of ...
Wedge
"wedge, In Mechanics, Is One Of The Five Simple Engines Or Mechanical Powers, And Is Used Sometimes For Raising Bodies, But More Frequently For Dividing Or Split Ing Them. In The Former Case, If We Suppose The Wedge To Be Urged By Pres Sure, The Action Of The Wedge Is ...
Whalebone
Whalebone Is The Name Of The Horny Laminae, Consisting Of Fibres Laid Lengthwise, Found In The Mouth Of The Whale, Which, By The Fringes Upon Their Edges, Enable The Animal To Allow The Water To Flow Out, As Through Rows Of Teeth (which It Wants), From Between Its Capacious Jaws, ...
Wheel Work
Wheel Work, In Machinery, Con Sists Of A Combination Of Wheels Commu Nicating Motion To One Another. Such Combinations May Be Formed In Various Ways ; But They Are Generally Reducible To The Principle Of The Wheel And Axle, Though The Wheel, Which Turns The Other, Is Not Usually On ...
Wheels Of Carriages
Wheels Of Carriages. Wheels Consist Of The Nave Or Stock, In The Cen Tre, The Spokes Which Are Radii, And The Ring, Which Is The Periphery Of The Wheel. When A Wheel Is To Be Made, The Workman Adapts Moulds To Its Exact Diameter. Twelve Spokes Are Commonly Assigned To ...
White Lead
White Lead. Carbonate Of Lead ; Painters' White. Lead Is Converted Into Carbonate In The Following Way :—the Metal Is Oast Into The Form Of A Network Grating, In Moulds About Fifteen Inches Long, And Four Or Five Broad. Several Rows Of These Are Placed Over Cylindrical Glazed Earthen Pots, ...
Windmill
Windmill. In Mechanics, A Mill Which Receives Its Motion From The Im Pulse Of The Wind. The General Appear Ance Of The Windmill Is Familiar To Every One. The Building Containing The Ma Chinery Is Usually Circular. To The Ex Tremity Of The Principal Axis, Or Wind Shaft, Are Attached ...
Wood Preservation
Wood Preservation. If Proper Ly Seasoned, Timber, In A Dry Shim• Non With A Free Circulation Of Air Round It, Is Very Durable, And Has Been Known To Last For Several Hundred Years Without Apparent Deterioration. Tins Is Not, How Ever, The Case When Exposed To Moisture, Which Is Always ...
Wool
Wool. A Term Used Very Indefinite Ly, Being Applied Both To The Fine Hair Of Animals, As Sheep, Rabbits, Some Species Of Goats, &e., And To Fine Vegetable Fibres, As Cotton (called In German Baumwolle, Or Tree-wool); But When Used Without Re Striction It Is Generally Confined To The Wool ...
Woollen Manufacture
Woollen Manufacture. The Simplest Mode Of Giving An Idea Of The Extent Of Operations In A Woollen Manu Factory, Is To Give In Abridgment The Heads Of The Several Processes Which The Wool Undergoes Until It Comes Out Fitted For The Market. Thus, No Less Than 25 Processes May Be ...
Zinc
Zinc. A Metal, First Mentioned By Paracelsus ; But Its Ores Were Known At A Much Earlier Period. In Commerce It Is Often Called Svelter ; And Is Obtained Either From The Native Carbonate Of Zinc, Called Calamine, Or From The Native Sulphuret Or Blends Of Mineralogists. These Ores Are ...