The course and termination of the Caggar, or Cuggar, a river to the cast of the Indus, are not accurately known ; by some it is supposed to be lost in the sands to the west of Batneer, a town 176 miles to the north-west of Delhi, and to have formerly joined the Sutlege ; and by others, either to join the Indus, or to fall into the Gulf of Cutch.
The Ganges rises on the southern side of the Himalaya Mountains, and enters the plains of Hindostan at Hurdwar, in the province of Delhi, latitude 29° 57', longitude 78° 2'. Its course is nearly straight till it passes Allahabad, when it becomes more winding, and its bed deeper and broader. After receiving the tributary streams of Bengal and Bahar, some of which are equal in volume to the Rhine, the chan nel attains its full breadth, which is commonly about three fourths of a mile, when the river is at its lowest. Its depth, at this time, is 30 feet for an extent of 500 miles, before it reaches the sea. Of the different branches into which this river is divided before it enters the gulf of Bengal, the westernmost, called the Hooghly, and the most eastern, which receives the Brahmapootra, are the widest and most important. The Hooghly is the only branch that is com monly navigated by ships. The whole course of the Ganges is about 1500 miles. For a fuller account of this river, sec the article GANGES.
The first large river that joins the Ganges after it enters Hindostan Proper, is the Jumnah : Its source is supposed to be farther to the north-west than that of the Ganges. A little before it enters Hindostan Proper, (which it does in the province of Delhi,) the two rivers are only 40 miles dis tant from each other. After its entrance into Hindostan, its course is nearly parallel with that of the Ganges, at the dis tance of from 50 to 75 miles. These rivers unite at Alla habad. Its whole course is about 780 miles, on the west side of the Ganges. Ten miles below Etaweh, a town in the province of Agra, the Jumnah is joined by the Chum bul, which rises near the source of the Nerbuddah in the province of Malwah. Its course is northeasterly : its whole length is 440 miles. It constitutes the boundary between the British possessions in Ilindostan Proper on the south, and those of Scindiah. The largest rivers that flow into the Ganges from Bengal and Bahar are, the Gog grah, the Suane, and the Cosa. The first is composed of the waters of the Goggrah and the Saregu, which unite at Swargadw,.,ra. They afterwards flow through the pro vince of Uncle, and unite with the Ganges at Bahar. The course of the Goggrah is nearly parallel to that of the Gan ges on the east side. The Soane rises near the Nerbud dah, on the east side of the table land of Amercuntuc. Its direction is at first due north; it afterwards turns to the north-east, and joins the Ganges in the province of Bahar. Its whole course is about 500 miles. The, course of the Cosa, which rises in the Himalayah mountains, is at first S.S.E. ; it afterwards winds very much. Its junction with
the Gauges takes place 45 miles above Rajemal, in the dis trict of Purneah, in the province of Bengal. Formerly these rivers united at Rajemal : its course is about 400 miles. The Brahmapootra, which afterwards forms the great eastern branch of the Ganges, is supposed to rise very near that river. Its course for a considerable way is eastward, and at one place it reaches within 220 miles of the most western province of China. It then very abrupt ly turns to the west, through Assam, on the north-east of Bengal,—a country remarkable for the number and magni tude of its rivers, most of which flow into the Brahmapoo tra. It enters Bengal near Ranjamattey. Its course is now west, and afterwards south, in the Decan district of that province, where it is joined by the Megna. The Ganges and the Brahmapootra unite below Luckipoor. The whole course of this river, as far as it is known, is about 1650 miles. It flows 400 miles through Bengal. Though the Ganges and it rise near each other, yet at one part of their course they arc 1200 miles distant.
The rivers in the Decan, or central division of Hindos tan, arc, the Nerbuddah and the Tuptee on the west, and the Subunreka, the Mahanada, and the Godavery, on the east. The Nerbudda's course has been already noticed ; but while the Soane flows to the north-west, the Nerbud dah takes nearly an opposite course, flowing almost due west. It has fewer windings than most Indian rivers. Af ter passing through part of the provinces of Gundwana, Khandeish, 1\lalwah, and Guzerat, it joins the sea 25 miles below Baroach. Its whole course is about 750 miles. The Tuptee, or Surat river, rises in the mountains which bound the province of Berar on the north. Its direction is westerly, through Kandeish and Guzerat ; and, after a course of about 400 miles, it falls into the sea about 20 miles below Surat. The Subunreka rises in the southern extremity of the province of Bahar. Its course is to the south-east for 250 miles, when it falls into the Bay of Ben gal, about 30 miles to the west of the Hooghly mouth of the Ganges. This river is by some considered as the north-east boundary of Hindostan Proper. The Mahana da rises in the hilly country of Gundwana ; its course is very winding. In the district of Cuttack, in the province of Orissa, it receives several streams, one of which after wards separates from it. The Mahanada then directs its course to the bay of Coojung, where it falls into the Gulf of Bengal. Its whole course is 550 miles. The Godave ry rises in the Western Ghauts at Trembuch Nassor, about 70 miles to the north-east of Bombay. Its course is at first due cast, through Arungabad and Telligana ; it af terwards turns to the south-east. At Rajamundry, in the Northern Circars, it divides into several branches, which form a fertile Delta, and several harbours for small ves sels. Its whole course is about 850 miles. About 90 miles from its mouth it is joined by the Bainjunga.