To the south of the Tuptee, the course of all the rivers is to the east, in consequence of the superior elevation of the Western Ghauts. The few rivulets that flow into the western sea descend so abruptly from the mountains, that they have not time to collect into streams of any magni tude. Those on the eastern side are mostly choked with sand-banks, thrown up by a violent surf across their mouths. Some of these, however, require notice.
The Kristhnah rises in the Western Ghauts, not more than 50 miles from the west coast of India. Its direction is to the south-west till it reaches Mersetch, in the pro vince of Bejapoor. Here it is joined by a number of streams from the Ghauts, united under the common name of \Varnah. Its course is now more to the east, when its volume is again increased by several rivers, the principal of which are the Malpurba and Toombuddra. It forms a delta near "Alasulipatam, after a course of nearly 650 miles. It equals,- if it does not surpass, any other Indian river, in the fertility which it creates during its course; watering, and of course fertilizing, the provinces of Bc japocr, Bsder, Hyderabad, &c. To the south of the is the Pennar, the Palar, and the Cavery. The Pennar is said to spring among the hills of Nundydroog in the Nlysore. Its course is northerly till it reaches Gooty, in the Balaghaut ceded districts, when it changes to the south-east, and afterwards to the east. It falls into the sea at Gungapatnam in the Carnatic, 108 miles to the north of Madras. The Palar also springs from the hills of Nundydroog, but its course is to the south. After flow ing for 220 miles through the Mysore and Carnatic, it falls iwo the sea at Sadrass. The Cavery has its source in the Coorg country, a district among the Western Ghauts, but it is of no magnitude till it quits it. Near Seringapatam it forms an island ; and opposite to T•ichinopoly in the Carnatic, it again separates into two branches, which sur round the island of Scringham. The northern branch is named the Coloroon, the southern retains the name of Cavery. About 13 miles farther to the cast, these branches approach each other ; and an immense mound is formed in order to prevent the Cavery from falling into the Colo room the bed of which is 20 feet lower. The Coloroon falls into the sea Negapatam, and the Cavery at Tan jore. These rivers form a wider delta than any other ri ver in this part of India: their whole course is about 300 miles. In North Coimbetoor, near Sivana Samudra, an island formed by the Cavery, there is a cataract, the fall of which is about 150 feet; another near the upper end of the i ud ; and the ruins of a grand bridge across the Cavery, which was formed of blocks of granite 20 feet in diameter, and 20 feet long ; when entire, the bridge was 300 yards in length.
There are hut few lakes in Hindostan. The Chilka lake divides the northern Circars from the Cuttack dis trict of Orissa. It is about 35 miles long, and eight broad. Towards the east and south, it is hounded by a narrow sand. very plain and flat, and about a mile in breadth, and on the north-west by a chain of mountains. The water is salt, as it has a communication with the sea by a very narrow and deep outlet ; and, indeed, evidently has been formed by the sea breaking over the flat sandy shore. This lake receives one of the branches of the Mahanada. It contains several islands, which are inhabited. Between the Kristhnah and Godavery, in the lower part of their course, there is an extensive tract of flat and rich country, evidently alluvial, and formed by these rivers. It is about 1:,0 miles in length along the sea coast, and from 40 to 50 wide. About half way between the two rivers, there is a hollow of considerable extent in this alluvial soil, in the lowest parts of which there is a lake at all seasons. The whole extent of this hollow grountris 47 miles from west to east,. and 14 from north to south. During the rainy season, the whole is covered with tv.tter, except 69 or 70 very small eminences, on which the inhabitants take re fuge. This is the Coloir lake. Between it and the Goda very and the Kristhnah, there are traces of a channel, formed by the natives either to drain the lake, or to irri gate and improve the adjacent lands. The latter purpose has indeed been effected by various other channels. The lake of Pulicat, on the coast of the Carnatic, is about 3n miles from north to south, and miles in its broadest parts. Its water is salt, as it communicates with the sea by several narrow channels ; and it evidently owes its ori gin to the same cause which produced the Chi:ka lakes. There are several large islands in it. The lake of Onore, in North Canara, reaches nearly to the Ghauts. As it is in fact a large basin, it is almost salt during the dry sea son ; but when the rains bring down the torrents from the mountains, its waters become fresh. In the northern parts of Hindostan there are few lakes, especially in the vicinity of the Ganges and the Indus. There are also two lakes close tinder the walls of Ajmeer ; the most northern is six miles in circumference, and very deep.