In the Ionic temple of Diana at Magnesia, designed by that Hermogenes whose merits arc highly extolled by Vitruvius, the general dimensions are the same as the Dipteros; but having, in order to obtain more free space under the flank porticos, omitted the inner range of co lumns, he thereby established the pscudo-dipteros; but unless he continued the wooden beams of the roof over this increased space, this mode was impracticable, unless when the quarries afforded marble blocks of very large dimensions.
In the magnificent temple of Minerva at Tcgea, de signed by Scopas, the peristyle which surrounded the temple consisted of columns of the Ionic order ; but in the cell, which was divided into three aisles by two rows of columns, each row consisted of two heights, the lower range being of the Doric, and the upper of the Corinthian order ; and this is the only instance in which two differ ent orders are placed one above the other in a Greek temple. And where the Corinthian order is at all intro duced, these circumstances have induced an able critic (Knight On Taste, p. 178.) to suppose, that these upper columns have been, during a repair of the edifice, raised after the Roman conquest. In this temple, the sculp ture in both pediments was by Scopas ; the subject of the one was the hunting the wild boar of Caledon, in which the figures of Hercules, Theseus, Pirothous, and Castor, were conspicuous ; on the other pediment was exhibited the combat of Achilles and Telephus.
There is no vestige of any temple in Greece of the Corinthian order previous to the Roman conquest ; for the temple of Jupiter Olympus at Athens, though begun by Pisistratus, was built under the reign of lIadrian, by Cossutius, a Roman citizen. ( Vitruv.) Its length, mea sured on the upper step, was 354 feet 2 inches; the breadth 171 feet 2 inches. There were ten columns in the outer rows, at each end ; and 21 along each side, (counting those at the angles twice). Their diameters were 6 feet 6.85 inches, and 6 feet 4.332 inches, and the height 60 feet. The shafts were fluted, but not to an edge. The bases were attic. There was one row of columns along each side, in the inside of the cell. The length of the court which encompassed the temple was 688 feet 6.5 inches ; the breadth 463 feet 5.87 inches. But this magnificent work cannot be termed Grecian.
Having explained the several denominations under which the Greek temples were known, and given sonic account of ten of them, we conceive it quite unnecessary to pursue this part of the subject further, especially as the elementary parts have already been discussed and il lustrated in treating of the different orders, ; we shall therefore now proceed to give a description of a Greek house and villa.
The Greek houses generally consisted of two sets of apartments ; the upper story for the women, the lower for the men. The mai had terraces, with a large pro
jection at each extremity. A considerable number had gardens behind them, and a small court in the front, or rather a sort of portico, at the end of which there was a door. At this place there was always either the figure of :%lercury or a dog, to frighten thieves ; also an altar to Apollo, upon which the master sacrificed on certain clays. In process of time, wings were added to the houses, and the apartments of the husband and wife were both placed on the same floor.
The house of Ulysses, which must have been the pa lace of Ithaca, had a court before it, surrounded by a stone-wall with a coping. In this the gateway had fold ing doors ; but there appears to have been only one apart ment for receiving and entertaining strangers; and in this the slaughtering and cooking were likewise performed. It was entered immediately from the court. One stair led from it to the roof, and another to the storerooms, or perhaps the bedrooms. The floor was below the level of the threshold, and was paved with stone. The win dows must have been very high, as the suitors, when attacked, could not reach them. The area of this apart ment must have been very extensive, hut we have no data for ascertaining the precise dimensions.
In Plate CLXI. taken from Palladio's explanation of the description given by Vitruvius, it will be seen, that the Greeks, in their most magnificent villas, had no ves tibule adjacent to the street, but a narrow passage, or gateway, on one side of which were stables, and on the other porters' lodges. From this passage there was an entrance to the peristylium, which had porticos on three sides. On the side facing the entrance, or that which looked towards the south, there was no portico, but a wide aperture, with ant on each hand, which led into an oblong porch. On the right and left of these were three apartments on each side, called antichamber, cham ber, and backroom. Behind these were apartments for the women and their attendants; and round the portico were rooms for dining, sleeping, and servants' rooms. Behind this edifice was another still more magnificent suit of apartments, appropriated wholly to the men. Here the peristylium was of greater extent, and the rooms more spacious and highly decorated. The porticos of this pc ristylium were four : They were sometimes all of an equal height ; and sometimes three of them only, the fourth, or that on the north side, being higher than the rest. The dining-room fronted the north, as did the rooms for pictures. Those for conversation, or sleeping, looked to the west, and the libraries towards the east.