The other physical ethnical elements are of little value separately, but are often useful aids in combination with others. Such are stature; the shape, color and position of the eye; the size and form of the brain; the shape of the nose and mouth; the superciliary and zygomatic arches, and all such other elements as collec tively constitute the broad, flat features of the lower, the oval and regular faces of the higher races.
The psychical elements are less conspicuous, and have but recently been talcen into account in classification. It has been said that "Love and hunger rule thc world?' The former relates to the perpetuation of kind, the latter to self preservation. Around these two may be grouped the other factors of this class. The following are the principal psychical elements: (1) Preservative instinct, food, clothing, shelter; (2) Perpetuating instinct; (3) Lan guage; (4) Religion; (5) Government (6) The Arts.
Food, clothing and shelter are the impera tive needs of the human species at all ages and under all conditions. Among the prominent topics considered under the sexual impulse are the position of woman, the marriage relation and the line of descent. Language is the chief of the psychical elements. Some perhaps, with Horatio Hale. would make it the sole test of race. The power of religion, both as a con structive and dispersive force, is the repeated testimony of hiFtory. The organization and administration of government, whether in its primitive form or in the more enlightened stage, is of deepest interest. The arts of life find their origin in the rude homes of early man, and have steadily been influential in all human progress. For these have lives been lost, tribes been destroyed, nations been formed, battles been won. They have been the motive power in every effort, the impulse behind every forward movement of mankind from the earli est days to now.
Race Classification. There have been so many changes in this world of ours and so many mixtures of ancestral strains that it is impossible to determine certainly to which race certain peoples belong. After successive efforts by able students to classify mankind upon this or that character or group of characters, the tendency now seems to be to return to the earlier classification. To recur to the three greater subdivisions — white, black and yellow; or, Caucasian, Negro, Mongolian.
With all the data gathered and the characters used in succeeding classifications, the original color plan in a general way is as good as we know. Popularly, too, this seems to have struck the fancy. Without thought we speak of a person as white, black or red, as he is a Cau casian, Negro or an American Indian.
Dall divides man into three groups: white, black and yellow. Flower and Lydekker also assign all representatives of mankind to three primary divisions. The status of the American aborigines is left unsettled. Keane gives to these a place among the races, making four. Linnaeus in his day adopted four primary divi sions. He, however, recognized man as a dis
tinct genus, homo, having four species: Homo sp cethiopicus, Homo sp mongolicus, Homo sp americanus, Homo sp caucasicus. Gerland divides mankind into six races, separating the Dra vidians from the other groups. To-day man is considered a single species, having several varieties or races. Blumenbach gives five groups, classified according to the color of the skin. Professor Huxley also designated five groups along somewhat similar lines. Morton used the skull as a basis of classification; Haeckel and Broca the hair; and Hale lan guage.
To one who carefully goes over the different schemes of classifying man, it is apparent that none is wholly satisfactory. Each in some direc tion overlaps some other. It is by taking all these race criteria so far as they are of value that the most reliable conclusions may be drawn as to the proper classification of mankind. No one set of standards will properly answer. That classification will be most satisfactory which obtains the most help from all the elements. All that we can aim to do is to group under some general and loose fitting subdivisions those members of the species which display the great est number of similarities. (Brinton). Perhaps it will be as satisfactory to follow the plan of Linnaeus and classify the races of men ac cording to geographical areas. Under such a plan we speak of the European race, which in ancient times was confined to Europe and ad jacent parts of Asia and Africa; the African race, whose natural home is Africa; the Asiatic race, which is chiefly confined to Asia; the American race, composed of those occupying the western continent before its occupation by Europeans; and, the Oceanic or Australian race, comprising the tribes of Polynesia, Australia and the many groups of islands sometimes in cluded in Oceanica. We can use Blumenbach's scheme of dividing them according to the color of the skin. Under it, they are grouped as follows : 1, Caucasian, or white; 2, Ethiopian, or black ; 3, Mongolian, or yellow; 4, American, or red; 5, Malay. or brown. Dr. D. G. Brinton enumerated five races of mankind. Their chief characteristics may be summed up substantially as follows: 1. The European Race —Traits -- Color white, hair wavy, nose narrow, jaws straight, skull variable, languages inflectional, religions ideal. II. The African, or Negro Race — Traits — Color black, hair woolly, nose flat, jaws protruding, skull long language agglu tinative, religions material. III. The Asiatic, or Mongolian Race — Traits — Color yellowish or brownish, hair straight, nose flat or medium, jaws straight, skull broad and high, languages isolating or agglutinative, religions material. IV. The American Race — Traits — Color cop pery hair straight, nose narrow, jaws straight, skull variable, language incorporating, religions ideal. V. The Oceanic Race — Traits — Color dark, hair lank or wavy, languages agglutina tive.