The Celtic group, originally spread over western Europe, has largely disappeared. Cer tain parts of the British Isles and the north of France contain the surviving members. These are the Irish, Welsh, Scotch, Manx and the people of Brittany.
The Caucasic stock is represented by four groups: Lesghic, Circassic, Kistic and Georgic. They occupy the Caucasus Mountain region.
The African or Negro Race.— The African race occupies Africa south of the Sahara Desert and of the Nile Valley. It is classified in three groups: the Negrillos, Negroes and Negroids. tinder Negrillos (little Negroes) are grouped the Alckas and other pygmies of the interior re gion and the small-sized Bushmen and Hotten tots farther south. The characters of some of these tribes are faithfully preserved in figures upon the Egyptian. monuments. The most striking of these physical features is the peculiar growth and development about the pelvic region. The clicks, of the Hottentot and Bush man languages find no counterpart in any other tongue. The Negroes are confined chiefly to western and central Africa, ranging east into Nubia. They comprise four subdivisions: the Nilotic, Sudanese, Senegarnbian and Guinean. The first is confined to the upper Nile Valley. The Sudanese group is represented by tribes in Sudan and westward. The western coast south of the Senegal River is the territory of the Senegambians. Farther south toward the Niger River are the tribes of the Guinea group. This region was the chief source of the slave trade. The descendants of the Guinea negroes found throughout the United States are living witnesses of the slavery which existed there but a generation ago.
The Negroids approach the Negroes, but are in some ways quite different from them. Their color is brown rather than black; their hair is °kinky') but not woolly; the nose is straight and not short and flat. They are of two groups— the Nubian and Bantu. The former are found in Nubia and the upper Nile Valley. The latter occupies practically all of southern Africa ex cept the region of the Hottentots and Bushmen. Among the better known tribes are the Kaffirs, Bechuanas and Zulus. The African race occu pics a low stage in culture. It has developed in the restricted area south of the Sahara basin. Probably it reached its typical development in the Niger Valley.
The Asiatic or Mongolian Race.— The Asian, or Mongolian race, is made up of two divisions — the Sinitic and Sibiric. The Sinitic branch includes the Chinese, Tibetans and the inhabitants of Anam, Siam, Burma and Cochin China. The Chinese have occupied their terri tory from quite early times. They have devel oped a peculiar civilization and in some par ticulars reached quite a high stage of culture. While there is considerable difference of opinion whether the arts of ancient China de veloped there or were acquired from the Aryans to the westward, it seems probable that in a great measure at least they were indigenous.
The Sibiric branch of this race is largely located north of the mountains of central Asia, ranging with the Arctic Circle from the Pacific to the Atlantic Ocean. The six groups are the Tungusic, reaching from northern China toward the Arctic Ocean and to ICamchatIca. The Mongolic occupying the vast highlands west of Manchuria, Genghis-Khan and later Tamerlane established two of the wide extended Mongol empires. The Tartaric, another highland group. has spread from Turkestan in several direc tions. The Turk is the most conspicuous rep resentative, though much mixed with other races. The Finnic is a group of Mongols oc cupying northern Europe. It is represented there by the Finns and Lapps, and farther south by the Magyars. From there it extends east to the Volga River. The rude tribes fringing the Arctic Ocean in eastern Siberia and reach ing to the Pacific are grouped under the name Arctic. The Chukchis and Kamchatkans are of their number. The Japanese and Koreans constitute the Japanese group. The Japanese are the most progressive and advanced of the Asiatic race.
The Oceanic Race.—The Oceanic race may be divided into three stocks — Negritic, Malayic and Australic. It occupies Australia, the islands of the South Pacific and Indian oceans and the adjacent shores of Asia. In their migrations, whether along the shores or over the seas, they have so intermingled that their relationships are puzzling. The Negritic stock is represented by the Negritos, including such small peoples as the Mincopies of the Andaman Islands, the Papuans of New Guinea and other islands, and the Melanesians. The Malayic stock is the most conspicuous and ener getic of the ocean peoples. Its representatives are found extending almost two-thirds around the world, reaching from Easter Island to Madagascar. The most typical Malays are found in Malacca, Sumatra and Java, while others less marked extend from the Celebes to the Philippines. The Malays farther to the eastward are often called Polynesians. From their traditions it has been possible to obtain a fairly good idea of their successive migra tions and of the comparative time of the settle ment of the different island groups. They ex tend from New Guinea to New Zealand, E.aster and the Sandwich Islands. The Australic stock includes the different tribes of Australia, the extinct Tasmanians, and, according to some authorities, the primitive peoples of the penin sula of Hindustan. The Australians are very low in culture, nomadic, lacking government and wear little or no clothing. "The life of these savages proves to be of undeveloped type, alike in arts and institutions, so much so, that the distinction of being the lowest of normal tribes may be claimed for B. Tylor).