Festival
Festival. This Word For Celebration Or Merrymaking Comes To Us From The Latin (festum, Feast) Through The Old French Tongue. The Festival Is An Occasion Of Public Rejoicing, Of A Religious Seasonal, National, Local Or Com Plimentary Character; In Olden Times Always Connected With The Ecclesiastical Ceremonies. In Point Of ...
Feudal System
Feudal System. A Fee, Feud Or Fief Is A Possession, Of Which The Vassal Receives The Right Of Use And Enjoyment, Of Disposition And Alienation, On Condition Of Fidelity, That Is, Of Affording Assistance Or Counsel, And Avoiding All Injurious Acts, Together With The Performance Of Certain Services Incident To ...
Feuerbach
Feuerbach, Ludwig An Dreas, German Philosopher: B. Landshut, Ba Varia, 28 July 1804; D. 13 Sept. 1872; The Fourth Son Of The Illustrious Jurist, Paul Johann Anselm Feuerbach. After A Secondary Educa Tion He Studied Divinity At Heidelberg And Ber Lin, But Fell Under The Sway Of Hegel And Took ...
Feval
Feval, Fa-viil, Paul Henri Corentin, French Novelist: B. Rennes, 28 Nov. 1817; D. Paris, 8 March 1887. He First Studied Law And Was Admitted To The Bar Of His Native City, But Soon Went To Paris Unable To Resist His Desire To Write. His First Story, 'club Des Phogues> (1841), ...
Fever
Fever, A Condition In Which The Tempera Ture Of The Body Is Above Normal. The Average Daily Range Of Temperature In Men Is From 98' To 99° F., And In Women From Quarter To Half A Degree Higher. In Children Temporary Eleva Tion Even As High As 100° F. May ...
Feyjoo Y Montenegro
Feyjoo Y Montenegro, Benito Jeronimo. See Feijo0 Y Montenegro, B. J. Fez, Morocco, City, Capital Of The Province Of Fez, 95 Miles From The Atlantic, 225 North East Of Morocco. Fez Is A City Whose Ancient Glories Have Departed. The Walls Which En Circled It Have Gone To Ruin, And ...
Fibre
Fibre. In The Commercial Sense The Un Modified Term "fibre" Signifies The Vegetable Tissues Used In The Arts, And Does Not Include The Animal Fibres, Such As Wool, Hair And Silk, Which Are Classed As Textile Fibres, Along With, However, Several Of The Vegetable Fibres, As Cotton, Linen, Ramie, Etc. ...
Fibrinogen
Fibrinogen, Fi'bri-n6-jen, A Substance Found In The Plasma Of The Blood, And Which Brings About Spontaneous Coagulation Of That Fluid. It Is Also Found In The Lymph And In A Number Of Other Fluids Of The Body. Fibrinogen May Be Precipitated From The Blood-plasma By The Addition Of Magnesium Sulphate ...
Fichte
Fichte, Mete, Immanuel Hermann Von, German Philosopher: B. Jena, 18 July 1796; D. Stuttgart, 8 Aug. 1879. He Was A Son Of Johann Gottlieb Fichte (q.v.). He Was Gradu Ated At The University Of Berlin In 1818. Soon After .he Became A Lecturer In Philosophy At This Institution. As A ...
Fichte
Fichte, Johann Gottlieb, German Phi Losopher : B. At Rammenau In Lusatia, 19 May 1762; D. Berlin, 27 Jan. 1814. He Came Of Healthy Peasant Stock Which Had Lived In The Region For Many Generations. A Tradition In The Family Was To The Effect That A Swedish Sergeant, Left Wounded ...
Ficino
Ficino, Marsilio, Italian Phi Losopher Of The Platonic School: B. Florence, 19 Oct. 1433; D. Careggi, 1 Oct. 1499. His Father Was Physician To Cosimo De' Medici And The Son's Early Display Of Talent Attracted The Notice Of Cosimo, Who Made It Possible For Him To Translate The Writings Of ...
Fick
Fick, Fik, Adolf, German Physiologist: B. Cassel, 3 Sept. 1829; D. Blankenberghe, 21 Aug. 1901. He Studied At The Universities Of Berlin And Marburg, Receiving From The Latter The Degree Of M.d. In 1851. In 1852 He Became A Lecturer In Anatomy And Physiology At The University Of Zurich, In ...
Fiction In America
Fiction In America. While The Art Of Fiction Writing In America Is Scarcely More Than 100 Years Old, Its Genesis May Be Traced Far Back Into The Records Of Literature. Prior To 1798, When Charles Brockden Brown Laid The Foundations Of His Fame With The Writings And The Publication Of ...
Fiddler Crab
Fiddler-crab, One Of The Small And Active Crabs Of The Genus Gelasimus, Termed "calling Crabs" By The English, Who Say They Are Waving The Enormously Developed Front Claw Of The Male On The Right Side In Beckoning, While Americans Imagine Them To Be Fiddling. This Great Claw Is Brightly Colored, ...
Fidelio
Fidelio, Grand Opera In Two (originally Three) Acts By Ludwig Von Beethoven (libretto Adapted By Sonnleithner And Breuning From Bouillys"leonore Ou L'amore Conjugate'), First Produced At Vienna 20 Nov. 1805. The Story Of The Fortunes And Misfortunes Of Beethoven's Only Work For The Stage Would Fill A Volume. After Three ...
Field
Field, Barron, English Writer: B. 23 Oct.' 1786; D. 11 April 1846. He Was A Friend Of Charles Lamb And One Of A Distinguished Group Of Literary Men Which Included Coleridge, Haz Litt, Wordsworth And Leigh Hunt. He Gradu Ated In Law But Turned His Attention To Literature And Became ...
Field Columbian Museum
Field Columbian Museum, A Sci Entific Institution Of Chicago, Ill., Established Through Gifts By Marshall Field (q.v.) And Other Citizens And Opened On 2 June 1894. It Was In Corporated On 16 Sept. 1893 As Columbian Museum Of Chicago. In 1894 Its Name Was Changed To Field Columbian Museum And ...
Field_2
Field, David Dudley, American Jurist : B. Haddam, Conn., 13 Feb. 1805; D. New York, 13 April 1894. He Was A Son Of The Preceding; Was Graduated At Williams College In 1825, Studied Law First In Albany, N. Y., And After Ward In New York City. He Was Admitted To ...
Field_3
Field, Eugene, American Poet And Jour Nalist: B. Saint Louis, Mo., 2 Sept. 1850; D. Chicago, Ill., 4 Nov. 1895. After His Mother's Death, He Was Brought Up By His Cousin, Miss Mary French, At Amherst, Mass. He Received His Early Education At Monson, Mass., And Entered Williams College In ...
Field_4
Field, Marshall, American Merchant: B. Conway, Mass., 18 Aug. 1835; D. New York City, 16 Jan. 1906. He Received A Common School And Academic Education In The Intervals Of Labor On His Father's Farm. At 17 He Entered A Dry Goods Store In Pittsfield, Mass., As Clerk, Soon Mastered The ...
Field_5
Field, Stephen Johnson, American Jurist: B. Haddam, Conn., 4 Nov. 1816; D. Washington, D. C., 9 April 1899. He Was The Second Son Of The Rev. David Dudley Field (q.v.), And A Brother Of David Dudley Field (q.v.), Jurist And Law Reformer, And Of Cyrus W. Field (q.v.), The Inventor ...
Fielding
Fielding, Henry, English Novelist: B. Sharpham Park, Near Glastonbury, In The County Of Somerset, 22 April 1707; D. Lisbon, Portugal, 8 Oct. 1754. His Parents Were Lieut. Edmund Fielding And His Wife Sarah, Daughter Of Sir Henry Gould. It Is Believed That In The Characters Of Lieutenant Booth And Amelia, ...
Fields
Fields, John, American Agricultural Writer And Leader, Was Born At Davenport, Iowa, 29 July 1871. His Early Life Was Spent On A Farm And, At The Age Of 16 He Entered The Pennsylvania State College, From Which He Graduated In 1891, Immediately After Which He Entered The Service Of The ...
Fifteenth Century
Fifteenth Century. Walter Pater Declared: "that Solemn Fifteenth Century Can Hardly Be Studied Too Much, Not Merely For Its Positive Results In The Things Of The Intellect And The Imagination, Its Concrete Works Of Art. Its Special And Prominent Personalities With Their Profound Esthetic Charm, But For Its General Spirit ...
Fifth Century
Fifth Century. Thy 5th Century Has Its Special Place In History As The Period Of Culmination Of That Decadence Of Human Inter Ests Under The Stress Of Barbaric Invasions Which Is Coincident With The Fall Of The Western Em Pire. The Last Of The Roman Emperors Whose Title Romulus Augustulus ...
Fifth Nerve
Fifth Nerve, The Chief Sensory Nerve Of The Face, Also Called Trigeminu.s, Or Trifadal. It Is One Of The Fifth Cranial Pair Of Nerves. The Fifth Nerve Is One Of The Most Important Sensory Nerves Of The Body, Its Name Trafacial Meaning That It Has Three Large Divisions Which Are ...
Fifty Four Forty Or Fight
Fifty-four Forty Or Fight, The Slogan Of The Northern Democrats In 1844; Meaning The Insistance Upon The Line Of Lat. 54° 40' N. As The Southern Limit Of English Posses Sion, Even At The Price Of A War. The Ashbur Ton Treaty Of 1842 Had Created Great Dissatis Faction As ...
Fig Fertilization By Insects
Fig Fertilization By Insects. It Was Known To The Ancients, According To Pliny And Others, That The Cultivation Of Certain Varieties Of Figs Was Dependent For Fertilization (technically Termed Caprification) Upon The Friendly Aid Of A Minute Hymenopterous Insect Termed The Fig-wasp (blastophaga Grossorum). Beginning About 1890 Numerous Attempts Were ...
Figaro
Figaro, Fe'ga'ro, Le Nozze Di, Opera Buffa In Four Acts By Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (libretto By Lorenzo Eta Ponte After Beaumarchais' Wariage De Figaro"). First Per Formed At Vienna 1 May 1786. Mozart Him Self Suggested The Use Of The Satirical Comedy That Had Made All Europe Its Home And ...
Figgis
Figgis, John Neville, English Clergyman And Author: B. Brighton, 2 Oct. 1866. He Was Educated At Brighton College. Saint Catherine's College, Cambridge, Wells Theological College. In 1894-95 He Was Curate Of •kettering And In 1895-98 At Great Saint Mary's, Cambridge. From 1895 To 1901 He Lectured In Saint Cather Ine's ...
Figurehead
Figurehead, An Image, Either Head Or Bust, Placed At The Prow Of Ships. Such Figures Were Carved In Wood In The Days Of Wooden Vessels, And There Was Generally Some Connec Tion Between The Figure And The Name Of The Vessel. Thus, A Vessel Called The Lion Would Have At ...
Filander
Filander, A Small Kangaroo (macropus Brimi), Native To New Guinea. It Was The First Of The Kangaroos (q.v.) Known To Europeans. Filangier I, Gaetano, Italian Political Economist: B. Naples, 18 Aug. 1752; D. 21 July 17::. His Great Work, Entitled 'the Science Of Legislation,' Notwithstanding It Was Never Completed According ...
Filariasis
Filariasis, Fil-a-rra-sis, A Group Of Dis Eases Caused By Nematode Worms (see Nema Toda) Of The Genus Filaria, Some Species Of Which Are Parasitic In Man And Domestic Ani Mals. The Filarice Are Very Slender Worms, Mostly Parasitic In Subdermal Connective Tissue And In Serous Cavities. The Developmental His Tory ...
Fildes
Fildes, Metz, Sir (samuel) Luke, Eng Lish Portrait And Genre Painter: B. Liverpool 1844. His First Academy Picture Was 'night Fall) (1868), And Among Other Pictures Since Then He Has Exhibited 'the Loosened Team' (1869) ; 'fair, Quiet, And Sweet Rest' (1872) ; 'simpletons) (1873) ; 'applicants For Admis Sion ...
Files And
Files And The File Is A Steel Instrument With Sharp Ridges Or Teeth Made By The Indentations Of A Chisel, And Used In Cutting Down And Shaping Metals Or Other Hard Substances. It Is One Of The Oldest Of Hand Tools. It Is Mentioned In The Old Testament Scriptures, And ...
Filibusters
Filibusters (sp. Corrupted From Dutch Vrijbueter, Our ((freebooter"), Originally The West Indian Buccaneers; In The 19th Cen Tury And Now, Any Lawless Band Who Attack A Foreign Country Not At War With Their Own. Especially, The United States Companies Who Used To Make Descents On The Spanish-ameri Can States Or ...
Filigree Work
Filigree Work, A Kind Of Ornamental Work In Fine Gold Or Silver Wire, Wrought Deli Cately, And Generally More Or Less Varied By The Intermixture Of Grains Or Small Beads Of The Metal, And Of Bands, Strips Or Bars, To Give Greater Strength. An Immense Variety Of Pat Terns Can ...
Filioque
Filioque, (amid From The Son”, A Phrase Inserted In The Creed Of Nicza, Or Rather The Nicmo-constantinopolitan Creed, As An Expression Of The Catholic Church's Teach Ing Concerning The Relation Of The Third Per Son Of The Holy Trinity To The Father And The Son. Before The Insertion Of Fitioque ...
Filipino
Filipino, Fil-i-pe-n6, A Native Of The Philippine Islands. The Filipinos Form A Very Mixed Population, Numbering In All About 8,000,000, And Seem To Represent Almost Every Type Of The Human Race. Some Of The Tribes Have Become More Or Less Civilized, Others Live In The Same Barbarism As Prevailed Before ...
Fille De Madame Angot
Fille De Madame Angot, Fey'cle Masdam Ifego, La. Opera Bouffe In Three Acts By Charles Lecocq (libretto By Clairville, Siraudin And Konig) First Produced At Brus Sels In November 1872 And Shortly Thereafter At Paris. With This Operetta Lecocq Placed Himself Well In The Forefront Of The Group Of Gifted ...
Fillmore
Fillmore, Millard, American States Man, 13th President Of The United States: B. Summer Hill, Cayuga County, N. Y., 7 Feb. 1800; D. Buffalo, 8 March 1874. He Was De Scended From New England Parentage And Reared To The Hard Life Of A Frontier Farm In Western New York. He Studied ...
Filter
Filter And Filtration. In Chem Ical Technology The Process Of Filtration Consists In Passing A Liquid Through A Porous Or Fibrous Body Such As Paper, Cloth, Felt, Or Biscuit Pot Tery, For The Purpose Of Removing Certain Solid Substances From The Liquid. In Chemical Analy Sis In The Wet Way, ...
Financial Problems Of The
Financial Problems Of The World War. The Financial Problems Cre Ated By The War Naturally Divide Themselves Into Four Classes, Each Of Which Has To Be Dealt With In The Light Of The Immediate Circumstances Under Which The Problems Arose. The Problems Which Were Believed, Before The War Began, To ...
Finch
Finch, One Of The Small, Seed-eating Birds, Typical Of The Family Fringillida' (q.v.). The Term As Now Commonly Used Refers To The Smaller, More Ornately Dressed Genera And Species, And Especially To Those Generally Kept As Cage-birds, As The Canary, Chaffinch, Gold Finch, Hawfinch, Greenfinch (qq.v.), And Similar Well-known Kinds ...
Fine
Fine, Henry Burchard, American Mathe Matician: B. Chambersburg, Pa., 14 Sept. 1858. He Was Graduated At Princeton In 1880 And Re Ceived The Degree Of Ph.d. At The University Of Leipzig In 1885. Since 1881 He Has Been Connected With The Faculty Of Tnathematics Of Princeton, Successively As Tutor 1881-84, ...
Fine Arts
Fine Arts Is The Generic Term For Those Arts Intended Primarily To Affect The Emotions, Such As Sculpture, Painting, Music, Etc., As Dis Tinguished From The Useful Arts Which Serve The Physical Needs Of Life. Art In General May Be Defined As The Exercise Of Human Activity For The Accomplishment ...
Fingals Cave
Fingal's Cave, A Curious Cavern Formed Of Basaltic Columns, In The Isle Of Staffa, One Of The Hebrides, On The West Coast Of Scotland, 25 Miles From Oban. See Staffa And Columnar Jointing. To Retain The Numbers Erased During O Ions On The Sand Abacus, And Probably On Operations Forms ...
Finger Notation
Finger Notation, A Method Of Rep Resenting Numbers By The Position Of The Fingers Or Hands, Analogous To The Digital Language Of Deaf-mutes. The System Is An Ancient One And Has Had Three Distinct Ramifications: (1) The Obsolete One Of Mere Numerical Representation, Use Among The Common People In Ancient ...
Finistere
Finistere, Fe'ne'-stir, Or Finisterre, The Most Western Department Of France, Formed From Part Of The Old Duchy Of Brittany And Bounded On The North By The English Channel, West And South By The Atlantic Ocean And East By The Departments Of C,otes-du-nord And Mor Bthan. Its Area Is 2,713 Square ...
Finland
Finland, Grand Duchy Of (called By The Natives, Suomen-maa, "land Of Marshes"), A Country Of Northern Europe, Including, With The Exception Of Part Of Lapland, A Territory On The Northwest Of Russia. It Is Bounded On The North By Russian Lapland; East By The Province Of Archangel And Olonetz; South ...
Finley
Finley, John Huston, American Author And Educator: B. Grand Ridge, Jll., 19 Oct. 1863. He Was Educated In The Public Schools O Illinois, At Knox 1887, A.m. 1890, And At Johns Hopkins University. He Served, 1889-92, As Secretary Of The State Charities Aid Association Of New York, Founding And Editing ...
Finns
Finns, In Their Own Language Called Suoma/ainen, And By The Russians Chudes, Are N The Narrower Sense A Race Of People Inhabit Ng The Northwest Of European Russia (govern Ments Of Archangel And Olonetz), But Espe Cially The Grand Duchy Of Finland. In A Wider Sense Finnic Is The Name ...
Finsen
Finsen, Niels Ryberg, Danish Physician, Scientist And Discoverer Of The Method Of Cur Ing Lupus Or Tuberculosis Of The Skin, And Other Skin Diseases, With Light Rays: B. Iceland In 1860; D. Copenhagen, Denmark, 24 Sept. 1904. Professor Finsen's Great Discovery, That Sun Light And Electric Light Rays Contain Properties ...
Finsen Light
Finsen Light, Finsen Ray, Blue Light, Actinic Ray, Violet And Ultra-violet Ray, Light Cure. The Finsen Light Takes Its Name From Its Dis Coverer, Niels R. Finsen, Who Discovered That The Actinic Rays, Those Represented In The Blue, Indigo, Violet And Ultra-violet Sections Of The Solar Spectrum, Possess Strong Bactericidal ...
Fionn Mac Cumhail
Fionn Mac Cumhail, Fin (0. I. Find Mac Cumhail, Fionn, Son Of Co Hal), Irish Epic Hero, Leader Of The Fianna, Or Fenian, A Band Of Professional Warrior` And Hunters Of The 2d Or 3d Century Of Ill Christian Era. In Scotland He Is Often Called Fingal, Which Is Variously ...
Fiorenzo
Fiorenzo, Fy&-re'n'tso, Di Lorenzo, Ital Ian Painter Of The Umbrian School: B. Perugia, About 1440; D. There, 1521. Very Little Is Known Concerning Him And He Is Not Even Mentioned By Vasari. Critics, Studying The Works Ascribed To Him, Most Of Which Are In The Pinacoteca Of Perugia, Have Attempted ...
Firdausi
Firdausi, Fer-dow'-se, Firdousi Or Firdusi, Persian Poet : B. Shadab, Near Tits, In Khorassan, About 935; D. There, 1020. With The Name Of Firdausi In The 10th Century Of Our Era, Modern Persian Poetry May Be Said To Be Gin. Firdausi, However, Really Forms Only One Link In The Long ...
Fire Alarm
Fire Alarm, A System Of Sigialk For Announcing The Location Of A Newly-discovered Fire And Summoning Fire-fighters To Extinguish It. In Cities, What Is Known As The Municipal Type Of Fire Alarm Is In Use. It Is A Highly Organized Telegraphic System, Partly Automatic The Signal Boxes Are Located At ...
Fire Boat
Fire Boat. The Great Desirability, Not To Say Necessity For Facilities Of Fighting Water Front Fires From Their Water Side Led At First To The Placing Of Fire Engines On Scows And Tow Ing Them Into Position. From This Primitive Makeshift Has Developed The Highly Organized Modern Fire Boat With ...
Fire Chief Or Marshal
Fire Chief Or Marshal, An Officer In Some Of The Larger American Cities Who Has The Supreme Command Of The Fire Department Of The Municipality, And Who Directs The Work Of Extinguishing Fires. He Is Generally Clothed With Large Powers Of Discretion, And Has Also Police Authority. Is Distinguished From ...
Fire Engine
Fire Engine, A Machine For Throwing Water Or Extinguishing Chemicals Upon Fires. As It Is Commonly Understood It Is A Portable Pumping Apparatus Designed To Throw Water; But It Applies Equally To The So-called °chemical Engine') In Which No Pump Is Needed, The Neces Sary Propelling Energy Being Derived From ...