Georgics Of Virgil
Georgics Of Virgil, The. This Work Followed The 'eclogues' And Preceded The They Were Completed In 30 B.c., When The Poet Was 40 Years Of Age. Their Com Position Extended Over A Period Of Seven Years, And They Are Called Virgil's Most Finished Poem, Though They Have Not Enjoyed The ...
Geotropism
Geotropism, Je-6erifi-pizm, The Influ Ence Which Causes A Tendency In Plants And Animals To Grow Toward The Centre Of The Earth; It Is Defined By Dr. John Coulter As ((sensitive Ness To Gravity?' Geotropism In Its Simplest Form, Called "positive," Causes Growth Directly Downward, As In The Tips Of Roots, ...
Gerard
Gerard, James Watson, American Diplomat And Lawyer: B. Geneseo, N. Y., 1867. Educated At Wilson And Kellogg's School, New York City, Saint Paul's School, Concord, N. H., Columbia University And New York Law School, He Was Admitted To The Bar In 1892 And Commenced Practising In New York, Where He ...
Gerland
Gerland, Gallant, Ernst Wilhelm Ferdinand, German Byzantine Scholar: B. Imi Hausen, Hesse-nassau, 19 May 1870. He Was Educated In The Public Schools Of Partschendorf And Fulnek, The Gymnasia At Troppau, Silesia And Halberstadt, Prussia, And The Universities Of Berlin And Jena. In 1893 He Took Up His Duties As Teacher ...
Germ Or Microbe
Germ Or Microbe, A Term Applied To Any Microscopical Form Of Life, Plant Or Ani Mal, Any Individual Micro-organism That Has Been Found To Have A Life History. Vegetable Germs Are Recognized As The Causes Of Fermen Tation And Putrefaction. They Are Nature's Scavengers. At One Time In The Given ...
German Agriculture
German Agriculture. In The Middle Of The 19th Century Germany Was Still Predominantly An Agricultural Country. At That Time 65 Per Cent Of Her Total Population Were Engaged In Occupations Relating To The Soil. By 1882 Only 42 Per Cent Were So Employed, And In 1907 (the Last Official Census ...
German Architecture
German Architecture. When The Germanic Races Came In Contact With Rome As Conquerors German Art Was Born. While Rome Had Been Victorious On The Battlefield Her Higher Civilization And Her Art Had Been Scorn Fully Rejected By The People She Had Made Subject To Her Rule. There Are To This ...
German Baptist Brethren
German Baptist Brethren, Known Also As °dunkards,* °dunkers') Or °tunkers,p Bodies Of Christians Of German Origin, Consisting Of Four Divisions. (1) Con Servative, (2) Old Order, (3) Progressive, (4) Seventh. Day. The Movement, A Distin Guishing Feature Of Which Is Baptism By Trine Immersion (candidates Are Dipped At The Utter ...
German Catholics
German Catholics, A Religious Sect Which Sprang Up In Germany About The Close Of 1844, Which Rapidly Increased During The Four Or Five Following Years And Then As Rapidly Declined. The Immediate Cause Of The Forma Tion Of This Sect Was The Exhibition By Arnoldi, Bishop Of Treves, Of The ...
German Commerce
German Commerce. Until The Beginning Of The 19th Century The Smaller German States And The Different Prov Inces Of The Larger German States Were Sepa Rated From Each Other By Customs Boundaries. Not Only The States But The Provinces Being Semi-independent The Organization Of National Production Was Inefficient, Commerce Small ...
German Industries
German Industries. The Foun Dation Of Modern German Industrial Progress Was Laid In The First Two Decades Following The Franco-prussian War, And Its Cornerstone Was The Improved Processes Of Iron And Steel Pro Duction. In Addition To Germany's Original Mining Districts, There Were In The Territories Ac Quired From France ...
German Kultur
German Kultur. The Meaning Of The Word Kultur Cannot Be Defined With Too Great Care Because The Germans Themselves Use The Word With Entirely Different Meanings In Different Connections. What The German People Understand By German Kultur To-day Involves An Idea Which The Word Kultur Did Not Suggest At All ...
German Painting
German Painting. The Only Re Mains Of German Painting During The Early Middle Ages Are To Be Found In Text Illustra Tions In Old Manuscripts. Much Study Has Been Given To This Subject In Recent Years And Clever Deductions Have Been Made As To The Style Of Painting, Now Unhappily ...
German Schools
German Schools. There Is A Somewhat Perplexing Puzzle Which Confronts The Foreign Students Of The German Educational System, Especially The Students Of The Lower And Intermediary (secondary) Schools. The Puzzle Consists In The Seemingly Irreconcilable Conflict Of Two Principles; I.e., The Principle Of Uniform Ity, Often Referred To As Almost ...
German Sculpture
German Sculpture. German Sculpture As An Independent Art Appears For The First Time During The Llth Century In The Shape Of Small Statuettes And Reliefs, Or In The Decoration Of ,large Bronze Work, Such As The Bronze Column Of Hildesheim, Surrounded By A Sculptural Frieze, Or The Entrance Gates Of ...
German Silver
German Silver, A White Alloy Used In Many Ways As A Substitute For Silver, Consist Ing Of Nickel, Copper And Zinc In Various Pro Portions. The Best Quality Consists Of Four Parts Copper, Two Parts Nickel And Two Parts Zinc, But This Quality Is The Most Difficult To Work. For ...
German Southwest Africa
German Southwest Africa, The First Of The German Successful Attempts At Colonization, Situated, As Its Name Implies, On The Southwest Coast Of Africa. To The West Of It Lies The Atlantic Ocean; To The North, Angola (portuguese West Africa); To The East And South, British South Africa. The Whole Territory ...
Germania
Germania. Tacitus's 'germania) Was Published In 98 A.d. It Is A Brief Treatise On The Geography, Peoples And Institutions Of The Germans. The Larger Portion Of The Work And By Far The Most Interesting—is Devoted To A Consideration Of Those Customs And Institu, Tions Which Are Common To The Germans, ...
Germanicus
Germanicus Cmsag, Roman General; B. 15 A.c.; D. Epidaptinx, Near Antioch,. 9, Oct. 19 A.p. He Was The Son Of Nero ,claudius Annus, And Of Antonia, Daughter Pf Mark Antony And Niece Of Augustus. By Desire, O4 Augustus. He Was Adopted In The Year 4 A,to. By Tiberius, •whoni, He ...
Germantown
Germantown, Battle Of, 4 Oct. 1777. Howe Having Captured Philadelphia, Stationed His Army Across The Germantown Road North Of The City And East Of The Schuylkill; The Left Wing With Its Supports On The River, The Right °in The To The Cast. He Shortly Detached Part Of It To Reduce ...
Germany And The War
Germany And The War. When The German Empire Was Created In 1871, It Straightway Became A Factor In The Attrac Tions And Repulsions Historically Existent Among The Ruling Powers Of Europe And Making Them Selves Felt Not Only In Europe But Over Prac Tically The Whole Earth. Since The German ...
Germanys Economic Organ Ization
Germany's Economic Organ Ization. In The Territory Which Now Com Prises The German Empire There Were Only About 16,000,000 Inhabitants In The Year 1816. When The Empire Was Founded In 1871, The Population Was 41,000,000; When Kaiser Wil Helm Ii Came To The Throne In 1888, It Was 48,000,000 And ...
Germanys National Wealth
Germany's National Wealth. For Many Generations The Poor Neighbor Nation Of Europe, Germany After 1890 Acquired Wealth And Prosperity. The In Crease Of Wealth Is Indicated By The Savings Bank Deposits. In 1888 They Amounted To $1,137,500,000 While 25 Years Later They Had Grown To $4,500,000,000, An Increase Of Nearly ...
Germicides
Germicides, Agents Used To Destroy Or To Hinder The Growth Of Microscopical Forms Of Plant And Animal Life. Germicides May Be Grouped Under Three Gen Eral Heads, Those That Act Mechanically, Those That Destroy Life By Physical Means And Those Whose Action Is Chemical. Inasmuch As Each Particular Germ Is ...
Gerome
Gerome, Zhapriim', Can Leon, French Painter And Sculptor: B. Vesoul, Haute-saone, 11 D. Paris, 9 Jan. 1904. He Was A Pupil Of Delaroche, Who Early Credited With Tb Originality And Style. When He Exhibited His
Gerrymander
Gerrymander, Ger'i-man-ckr (hard G: Now Chiefly Used As A Verb), The Arranging Of Election Districts By The Party In Power In A State When Passing A Redistribution Act So As To Concentrate Its Opponent's Majorities And Dis Tribute Its Own, Thus Giving Itself As Many With Light Majorities And Its ...
Gerson
Gerson, Zhar's66', Jean Charlier De, French Theologian; B. Gerson, Near Rethel, 14 Dec. 1363; D. Lyons, 12 July 1429. His Parents Were Simple Peasants Of Deep Piety, Who In Fluenced 9 Of Their 12 Children To Pursue Ecclesiastical Careers. At The Age Of 14, Jean, Under The Patronage Of The ...
Gertrude Of Wyoming
Gertrude Of Wyoming, A Narrative Poem By Thomas Campbell, Written At Syden Ham, In 1809. He Chose The Spenserian Stanza For His Form Of Verse, And For His Theme The Devastation By The Indians, In 1778, Of The Quiet Valley Of The Wyoming, In Pennsylvania, On The Susquehanna. The Poem ...
Gesellenvereine
Gesellenvereine, Roman Catholic Benevolent Associations Of German Origin, Called Into Existence In 1846 By A Number Of Journey Men Mechanics Under The Guidance Of Adolf Kolping, A Member Of The Dominican Order, A Philanthropist Who Had Traveled Throughout Switzerland, The Greater Part Of Germany And The Better Part Of Austria. ...
Gettysburg
Gettysburg, Battle Of, The Most Im Portant Event Of The American Civil War And The Turning Point In The Long And Stubbornly Fought Contest. Preliminary Campaign.— After The Battle Of Chancellorsville (q.v.), 1-3 May 1863, The Opposing Armies Resumed Their Positions On The Rappahannock, Lee's Army On The South Side ...
Gettysburg Address
Gettysburg Address, Delivered By President Lincoln At The Dedication Of The Na Tional Cemetery At Gettysburg, Pa., 15 Nov. 1863. °of Abraham Lincoln (1809-1865) As An Orator, The Last Of The Great Anti-slavery Group, It Is Unnecessary To Speak At Length. The Lincoln-douglas Debates, The Cooper Institute Speech, The Gettysburg ...
Geysers
Geysers, A Name Derived From An Ice Landic Work Signifying *to Burst Forth With Vio Lence," And Applied To Natural Springs Of Hot Water Of The Kind That Were First Observed In Iceland, And Since In Yellowstone Park In The United States And In New Zealand. They May Be Described ...
Ghent
Ghent, Gent, Belgium (french, Gand; Flemish, Gend Or Gent), Capital Of The Province Of East Flanders, At The Confluence Of The Lys With The Scheldt. It Is Upward Of Eight Miles In Circumference, And Is Divided By Canals Into A Number Of Islands Connected With Each Other By Bridges, Of ...
Ghent_2
Ghent, Treaty Of (24 Dec. 1814), The Treaty Which Closed The War Of 1812. The British Advantage Was Enormous; The War Had Been Discreditable And Rather Disastrous To America On Land, Half Paralyzed As That Country Was By Incompetent Administration And Dissen Sions Among The States, While Even The Fleet ...
Ghiberti
Ghiberti, Lorenzo, Italian Sculptor: B. Florence About 1378; D. There, 1 Dec. 1455. He Early Learned From His Step Father, Bartoluccio, An Expert Goldsmith, The Arts Of Drawing And Modeling, And That Of Cast Ing Metals. He Was Engaged In Painting In Fresco At Rimini, In The Palace Of Prince ...
Ghosts
Ghosts. The Belief That The Spirits Of The Departed Are Occasionally Presented To The Sight Of The Living Has Existed In All Ages And Countries, And Usually Declines Only When A People Has Advanced Considerably In The Knowl Edge Of Physical Conditions And Laws. We Can Understand The Inability Of ...
Ghosts_2
Ghosts. As Early As November 1880, When Ibsen Was Living In Rome, He Was Medi Tating On A New Play To Follow 'a Doll's House.' When He Went To Sorrento, In The Summer Of 1881, He Was Hard At Work Upon It. It Was Finished By The End Of November ...
Giacosa
Giacosa, Giuseppe, Italian Dramatist: B. Colleretto Parella, Piedmont, 21 Oct. 1847; D. 2 Sept. 1906. His Father, A Distinguished Lawyer And Magistrate, Destined Him Early For The Bar, But An Early Dramatic Attempt, 'una Partita A Scacchi' (a Game Of Chess), Writ Ten In 1871 For Private Amateur Performance, Was ...
Giants
Giants, Persons Or Races Of Extraordi Nary Stature. History, Both Sacred And Pro Fane, Makes Mention Of Giants. The First Mention Of Giants In The Bible Is In Gen. Vi, 4, Where The Hebrew Word Used Is Nephilim, A Word Which Occurs In Only One Other Passage, Where It Is ...
Giants Causeway
Giant's Causeway, Ireland (deriv Ing Its Name From A Legend That It Was The Corn Mencemeht Of A Road To Be Constructed By Giants Across The Channel To Scotland), A Nat. Ural Pier Or Mole Of Columnar Basalt, Project Ing From The North Coast Of Antrim, Ireland, Into The North ...
Gibbon
Gibbon, A Tailless Anthropoid Ape Of The East Indies, The Several Species Of Which Con Stitute The Genus Hylobates Of The Family Simi Ida.. They Are Nearly Allied To The Orangs And Chimpanzees, But Are Smaller, Of More Slender Form, And Their Arms Are So Long As Almost To Reach ...
Gibbon
Gibbon, Grbein, Edward, English Histo Rian: B. Putney, Surrey, 27 April O. S. (8 May) 1737; D. London, 16 Jan. 1794. He Was The Eld Est Son Of Edward Gibbon And Judith Porten. The Family Was Originally Kentish, And Gibbon Gives Some Extended Account Of Its Origin In His Justly ...
Gibbons
Gibbons, James, Cardinal, American Roman Cathotc Prelate: B. Baltimore, Md., 23 July 1834. When Very Young He Was Taken By His Father To Ireland To Be Educated. He Re Turned To America In 1853 And Resided In New Orleans Until 1855, When He Matriculated At Saint Charles College, Near Ellicott ...
Gibraltar
Gibraltar, Ji-brartar (sp. H8-bral Tie), A Town And Strongly Fortified Rocky Penin Sula At The Southern Extremity Of Spain, Prov Ince Of Andalusia, At•the Western Entrance Of The Mediterranean, Belonging To Great Britain. This Remarkable Fortress, Which Lies Opposite Ceuta In Africa (distance Between Europa Point And Ceuta 141/4 Miles), ...
Gibson
Gibson, John, English Sculptor: B. Near Conway, Wales, 19 July 1790; D. Rome, 27 Jan. 1866. He Was The Son Of A Landscape Gardener. And Was Apprenticed To A Wood-carver At Liver Pool, Where He Attracted Attention By A Figure Of (time,) Modeled In. Wax, Which He Exhibited At The ...
Gifford
Gifford, William, English Critic: B. Ash Burton, Devonshire, April 1756; D. London, 31 Dec. 1826. Left An Orphan At 11 Years Of Age, He Became A Cabin Boy And Was Thereafter Ap Prenticed To A Shoemaker. Through The Interest Of A Local Surgeon He Was Sent To Oxford, After Ward ...
Gift
Gift, In Law, A Voluntary Conveyance Of Property, Usually Without Legal Consideration, Or The Property So Conveyed. The Term Is Oc Casionally Used In Law To Signify Alienation Either With Or Without Consideration. To Constitute A Valid Gift There Must Be An Actual Or Construc Tive Delivery Of The Property ...
Gil Blas
Gil Blas, Zhel Ms. In France The Span Ish Novel Of Roguery Was Imitated During The 17th Century Chiefly By Sorel In 'fran Clot)) And Scarron In 'le Roman Comique,> And, During The 18th Century, Most Effectively Of All, By Alain Rene Le Sage In 'gil Bias.' This Masterpiece Of ...
Gilbert
Gilbert, William, English Physician And Physicist: B. 1540 At Colchester; D. 1603. At The Age Of 18 He Entered Saint John's College, Cambridge, From Which He Graduated In 1560. In 1601, He Was Elected President Of The Royal College Of Physicians, An Honor Which Was Fol Lowed By His Appointment ...
Gilding
Gilding, The Art Of Applying And Per Manently Attaching Gold Leaf Or Gold Dust To Surfaces Of Wood, Stone, Metals, Etc. The Egyptian Monuments Present Numerous Traces Of The Existence Of The Art In Ancient Egypt. The Process To Have Been The Same With That Now Used. The Persians Also ...
Gilead
Gilead, Gire-ad (rough, Rugged, Hard), A Country On The East Side Of The Jordan, At One Time A Portion Of The Kingdom Of Israel. Its Exact Area Is Doubtful; But The Southern Bound Ary, The River Arnon, And The Western Boundary, The Jordan River, Are Well Defined. The Yar Muk ...
Gilgamesh Epic
Gilgamesh Epic, The Story Of The Tra Ditional Hero Of Babylonia, Found In The Library Of Ashurbanabal. It Originally Included 12 Tablets And 3,000 Lines, About Half Of Which Are Now Available. The Name Of The Hero Was At First Rendered °izdubar,* Until A Key Was Dis Covered By Pinches ...
Gilpin
Gilpin, Bernard, English Clergyman, Known As The '
Gingillino
Gingillino, Jin-j11-leno. In The Literary Movement Which Preceded And Prepared The Uprising Of 1848 In Italy,— A Movement Char Acterized By The Political Writings Of Gioberti, Balbo And D'azeglio, By The Inspiring Pamphlets Of Giuseppe Mazzini, An Important Place Must Be Made For The Tuscan Satirical Poet, Giuseppe Giusti. In ...
Ginsburg
Ginsburg, Christian David, Eminent Rabbinical Scholar: B. Warsaw, 25 Dec. 1831; D. London, 7 March 1914. He Was Educated At The Rabbinic College In His Native City, But Came To England As A Young Man And Spent The Rest Of His Life There. He Was One Of The Original Members ...
Ginseng
Ginseng, Several Species Of Herbs Of The Genus Amax, Family Ifraliaces. The Most Noted Species Are Panax Ginseng, A Native Of China, And P. Gsiinguefolium, Of East Ern North America. These Two Species So Closely Resemble Each Other That The Discovery Of The Latter Near Montreal, Quebec, In 1716 Was ...
Gioconda
Gioconda, La, A Tragic Opera By Amil Care Ponchielli (1834-861, With Libretto By A. Boito, First Produced In Milan In 1876, In New York 20 Dec. 1883 And London 7 June 1886. Adapted From Hugo's 'tyrant Of Padua,' The Plot Is Intensely Dramatic, With A Plentiful Sprinkling Of Criminal Deeds ...
Giognosy
Giognosy. Geognosy, Already Defined May Be Treated Under The Topics Atmosphere, Hydrosphere And Litho Atmosphere May Be Considered As A Gaseous Envelope Entirely Surrounding The Earth' And Penetrating Into The Pores- Of The Outer Crust. It Consists Essentially Of .79 . Per Cent Nitrogen And 21 Per Cent Oxygen. Carbon ...
Giotto
Giotto, J6t't6 (called Giorro Di Box Done), Italian Painter And Architect: B. Ves Pignano, Near Florence, About 1266; D. Florence, 8 Jan. 1337. He Was The Son Of A Peasant And His First Employment Was In The Tending Of Sheep And Cattle. But Having Been On One Occasion Seen By ...
Gipsy Moth
Gipsy-moth, A Large Moth (porthetria Or Ocneria, Dispar), Of The Family Liparidce, Is Of Common Occurrence In Central And Southern Europe And The Temperate Parts Of Asia. Pro Fessor Trouvelot Imported Them For Research Purposes In 1868 Into Medford, Mass. And By Accident Some Specimens Escaped; But It Was Not ...
Giraffe
Giraffe, Ji-rar, Or Camelopard, The Tallest Of Mammals (giraffe; Camelopardahs), The Type Of A Family Of Ruminants (geraffida), Intermediate Between Deer And Antelopes, And Also Containing The Okapi (q.v.). It Is A Native Of Africa South Of The Sahara, But Is Now To Be Found Only In The Interior, Remote ...