Interest
Interest. Interest Is Commonly Defined As The Return For The Use Of Capital. It Is Made To Include Not Only That Which Is Paid By The Borrower To The Lender For The Use Of Borrowed Capital, But Also That Which The Owner Receives As A Return For His Own Capital ...
Interference
Interference, In Physics, A Name Ap Plied To The Mutual Action Of "waves" Of Any Kind Upon One Another, A Phenomenon By Which Under Certain Condition The Vibrations And Their Effects Are Increased, Diminished Or Neutralized. A Wave, Obiter Dicta, In The Sense Of The Word As Here Employed, Should ...
Interior
Interior, Department Of The, One Of The Executive Departments Of The United States Whose Heads Are Cabinet Secretaries. E "home Department." Long Existent In All European Governments, Was Constituted In The United States By Act Of 3 March 1849. Its Functions Had Been Exercised By Bureaus Or Officials Of Nearly ...
Interior Decoration
Interior Decoration. Under The General Designation Of Interior Decoration Are Included All The Various Applications Of The Decorative Awr (q.v.) To The Adornment Of The Interiors Of Buildings. The Subject Com Prises Monumental Interior Decoration, Which Is Largely Architectural And Has To Do With The Decorative Treatment Of The Floors, ...
Interlocking Directorates
Interlocking Directorates. A Term Used To Designate The Method By Which The Interests Of Many Companies Normally In Competition Are Controlled By The Election Into Their Directorates Of A Few Men Acting In The Interest Of The Combination To Which They Be Long. Obviously, The Success Of The Interlock Ing ...
Internal Revenue System
Internal Revenue System. The System Of Taxation In The United States, Which Goes By This Name, Was The Outgrowth Of Neces Sity And Of The Administrative Genius Of Alex Ander Hamilton. The Law Of 2 Sept. 1789, Creating The Treasury Department, Had Been Drawn By Him, And With Such Precision ...
International Claims And Disputes
International Claims And Disputes. The Organization Of The World Into National States, Their Close Interdependence And The Conflicting Interests Arising During A War, Have Often Led To Disputes Or The Commis Sion Of Some Act Or Injury By A Foreign Gov Ernment, Or Its Citizens, Against The United States. In ...
International Date Line
International Date Line. The Imaginary Line At Which 'dates Change, Being Made Later By One Day By Those Who Cross The Line From East To West And Earlier By One Day By Those Crossing It From West To East. It Is A Somewhat Irregular Line Drawn Through The Pacific Ocean ...
International Institute Of Agriculture
International Institute Of Agriculture, A World Organization, With Headquarters In Rome, Italy, Founded In 1905, And Having For Object The Collection And Dis Semination Of Knowledge Relating To Agriculture In The Various Countries I Represented In The Institute. In 1904 The Idea Of Such An Institute Came To Mr. David. ...
International Law
International Law. In The Judg Ment On Appeal In The Case Of The Zamora The Judicial Committee Of The English Privy Council Said On 7 April 1916, That '
International Peace Move Ment
International Peace Move Ment, The. A World-wide Movement Aim Ing At The Abolition Of War, More Especially In Ternational War. While Fighting Has Always Been One The Chief Occupations Of Mankind; While Ideas 'of National Greatness Are Largely Associated With Battles, Campaigns And Sieges; And While The Heroes Of Poetry, ...
International Unions
International Unions //or The Protection Of ' Property. (1) International Union For The Protection Of Industrial Property, An Organization With Headquarters At Berne,. Switzerland, Which' Dates From 1880,. And Its First 'conference That Year Held' In Paris, Followed By. Another In Rome, 1886; Madrid, 1890 And 1891, And Brus Sels,- ...
International Workingmens Association
'' International Workingmen's Association, An Organization Of The Work Ingmen Of All Countries For The•advancement Of The Interests Of Labor And The Emancipation Of The Working Classes. It Grew Out Of A Visit Of French Workingmen To The Exposition At London In 1862. In 1864 An Organization Was Formed In ...
Interpretation
Interpretation, In Law, The Art Of Determining The Meaning Of A Speaker Or Writer Or Of The Parties To A Written Instru Ment, As A Contract, Deed Or The Like. Courts Of Equity, In Their Interpretation And Construction Of Instruments, Follow The Same Rules As Courts Of Law. The Terms ...
Interval
Interval, In Music, Is The Distance Or Difference Of Pitch, Arithmetically Expressed, Between Any Two Tones Of A Given Scale. Occi Dental Nations, Including America, Employ The Diatonic Scale (see Scat-el An Octave Compris Ing Five Tones And Seven Semitones, Named After The First Seven Letters Of The Alphabet. The ...
Introspection
Introspection, Observation As Ap Plied To The 'phenomena Of Mind. While Essentials It Is Like All Other Observation, It Is Especially Interesting Because Of Certain Diffi Culties Which It Encounters. Though These Been Minimized By The Experimental Psycholog Ist, They Certainly Burden Psychological Research, With A Very Considerably Greater Degree ...
Inundations
Inundations, Floods Caused Usually By The Overflow Of A River Or By The Ocean, Some Times By The Giving Way Of A Dam Or Other Barrier. Since The Dawn Of History No Century And Scarcely Any Large Country Have Been Free From Floods. The Region Of The Nile In Egypt, ...
Invariants And Covariants I
Invariants And Covariants. I. These Terms Were Introduced And Are Still Ordinarily Employed, In Connection With A Special Mathematical Theory, Namely, The Theory Of The Linear Transformation Of Algebraic Forms De Veloped By Cayley And Sylvester Dining The Middle Third Of The 19th Century. The Central Idea, However, Is A ...
Invasion
Invasion, The Entry Into A Country By A Public Enemy. As As 1795 Congress Pro Vided By Law For Protection Against The Invasion Of The United States By Any Foreign Nation Or Indian Tribe. The Act Made It Lawful Whenever There Should Be An Invasion, Or Imminent Dan Ger- Of ...
Inverness Shire
Inverness-shire, Scotland, The Lar Gest County Of The Kingdom, Includes Badenoch, Glenroy, And The Valley Of The Spey On The East, Lochaber On The South, Glenelg, Glen Garry, Arisaig. Moydart And Frazers County On The West, Glen Urquhart And Glen Morriston To Ward The Centre. It Includes Also Strathglass On ...
Investiture
Investiture, The Act Of Investment Implying The Right To Give Possession Of An Office, Honor, Benefice Or Manor. In The Medi Mval Or Feudal Law, It Was The Open Delivery Of A Feudal Or A Right To Lands And Hereditaments, By A Lord To His Vassal, Thus, By External Proof, ...
Iodine
Iodine, Ra-din Or -din, A Non-metallic Ele Ment, Analogous In Its General Properties To Chlorine And Bromine. It Was Discovered By Courtois In 1811, In The Mother-liquor Of Kelp That Had Been Used For The Production Of Sodium Carbonate; Occurring, There In Combination With Sodium And Magnesium. It Is Still ...
Iodine And Iodides In
Iodine And Iodides In Medi Cine. Iodine And Its Iodides — Especially Those Of Sodium And Potassium—have Been Used In Medicine Since The Chinese Are Supposed To Have Introduced Them, 2000 B.c. Or Earlier. The Exact Method Of Action Of The Iodides Is Not Clear, But It Would Seem That ...
Iodoform
Iodoform. Tri-iodomethane, Chin Was Discovered By Serullas In 1822. Will Formed By The Interaction Of Ethyl Alcohol And Iodine In The Presence Of Caustic Alkalis. Acetone, Acetaldehyde And Many Other Compounds May Also Yield Varying Quantities Of Iodoform When Treated With Iodine And Caustic Alkalis Or Car Bonates. Iodoform Has ...
Ionian Islands
Ionian Islands, A Number Of Islands Belonging To The Kingdom Of Greece, In The Ionian Sea, Off The Coast Of Albania And The Western And Southern Shores Of Greece, The Most Southern, Cerigo, And Its Dependent Islets Being Off The Southeastern Extremity Of The Morea. The Principal Islands, Seven In ...
Ionian Philosophy
Ionian Philosophy, Early Greek Hylozoism And Henism Of The Thinkers Of The Ionian School (q.v.). The Term Hylozoism Is Apt To Be Misleading, The Term Henism To Be Misunderstood, And We May Therefore Give Them Passing Notice. First, .hylozoism Is Not Synonymous. With Materialism. Materialism Is That World-conception Which Attempts ...
Ionian School
Ionian School, At Times Called Also The Ionian Sect, Was The Oldest Among The An Cient Schools Of Greek Philosophy. It Originated In Asia Minor Under Thales Of Miletos, About 600 Years Before The Beginning Of The Christian Era. Diogenes Laertius Places The Birth Of Thales During The 35th Olympiad, ...
Ionian Sea
Ionian Sea, That Part Of The Mediter Ranean Sea Communicating With The Adriatic Sea Or Gulf Of Venice By The Strait Of Otranto, And Having Greece And Part Of, Albania On The East, Sicily And Part Of Southern Italy On The West. This Sea, Divided From The Adriatic Sea By ...
Iorga
Iorga, Yor'ga, Nicole, Rumanian His Torian: B. Botoshani, 1871. He Received His Edu Cation At Lashi, Paris, Berlin And Leipzig And Became Professor Of History At The University Of Bucharest In 1894. He Was Elected Member Of The Rumanian Academy In 1910. He Took An Active Interest In Politics And ...
Iowa
Iowa, I'o-a ("tbe Hawkeye Stitt!), A North-central State Extending From The Missis Sippi River To The Missouri River, And Occupy Ing Three And One-sixth Degrees Of Latitude. It Is Bounded On The North By Minnesota, On The East By Wisconsin And Illinois, On The South By Missouri, And On The ...
Iphigenia
Iphigenia, In Greek Legend, A Daughter Of Agamemnon And Clytemnestra (according To Some An Illegitimate Daughter Of Theseus And Helen), Who Was To Have Been Sacrificed To Artemis (diana) At The Advice Of The Prophet Calchas, When The Goddess, Enraged With Agamemnon, Detained The Greek Fleet In Aulis By A ...
Iphigenia In Aulis
Iphigenia In Aulis, Opera By Chris Toph Vori Gluck, Produced' In Paris In ,init And 1779, Respectively, The Latter Being A Continua Tion Of The First. The Plot Is Based On The Greek Legend Of Iphigenia, Daughter Of Agamemnon And Clytemnestra. To Avert The Wrath Of The Goddess Artemis (twin-sister ...
Iphigenia In Tauris
Iphigenia In Tauris. Goethe's
Iquitos
Iquitos, Peru, City, River-port And Cap Ital Of The Department Of Loreto, On The Amazon, Near The Mouth Of The Nanay, 2 Miles From Para, Brazil. It Is 350 Feet Above Sea-level And Has A Healthful Climate With A Mean Annual Temperature Of 75 F. There Arc Really Two Towns, ...
Iran
Iran, E-ran,•asia, A General Name Applied To A Great Table-land Stretching In The North From Caspian Sea, Turkestan And The Foot Hills Of The Caucasus On, From The Indus River In The East, To The Tigris River In The West, As Far South As The Persian Gulf And The Indian ...
Iranian
Iranian, A Name Applied To Racial Groups Of People Speaking The Iranian Stock Of Lan Guages. In Historic Times The Iranians Appear On The Shores Of The Oxus And Of The Rivers Of Upper Sogdian, And Thence Spread Southwest Through Balkh And Badakshan. It Is Probable That In The Flourishing ...
Iranian Languages And Lit
Iranian Languages And Lit Erature. The Dead And Living Languages Of Iran Together Form, With Some Sporadic Ver Naculars Existing Outside Its Strict Boundaries, The Iranian Family Of The Aryan Or Indo Germanic Speech. Among Them Are, However, Several That Have Strongly Deteriorated Or Else Show Considerable Mingling. Thus, Afghan ...
Iredell
Iredell, Welt!, James, American Jurist: B. Lewes, Sussex, England, 5 Oct. 1750; D. Edenton, N. C., 20 Oct. 1799. He Was Ap Pointed Comptroller Of Customs At Port Roa Noke, Now Edenton, Where He Arrived In 1768, Retained This Office Several Years, And Meanwhile Studied Law. He Was Admitted To ...
Ireland
Ireland, John, American Roman Cath Olic Prelate: B. Burnchurch, County Kilkenny, Ireland, 11 Sept. 1838; D. Saint Paul, Minn., 25 Sept. 1918. He Came To America In 1849 And Attended The Cathedral School At Saint Paul, Minn., And In 1853 Went To France And Studied Theology In The Seminary Of ...
Ireland
Ireland, The Most Westerly And Smaller Of The Two Principal Islands Of Which The United Kingdom Of Great Britain And Ireland Is Com Posed, Extends From Lat. 51° 26' To 55° 21' N. And Long. 5° 25' To 10° 30' W.; Its Greatest Length Is 302 Miles; Greatest Breadth, 174 ...
Iriarte
Iriarte, Tomas De, Spanish Poet: 'fi. Orotava (tenerife, Canary Islands), 18 Sept. 1750; D. Madrid, 17 Sept. 1791. He Was A Nephew Of Juan De Iriarte (q.v.) And Was Edu Cated Under The Direction Of His Elder Brother. Fray Juan Tomas De Iriarte, And Later In Mad Rid With His ...
Iridion
. Iridion (polish Irydyon). The Dis Memberment Of Poland, Still More, The Dis Astrous Polish Revolution Of 1830, Had Bred The Sentiment Of National Hatred Against The Op Pressors, But Krasinslci, In All His Poetry, Cau Tioned His People Against Hate As An Expression Of Patriotism And Preached Inner Perfection ...
Iridium
Iridium, A Metallic Element Resembling Platinum In Its General Properties, And Occur Ring In Nature In The Metallic Form, Alloyed, Usually, With Platinum And Osmium. The Com Mercial Supply Comes Chiefly From The Ural District, From Brazil, And From Borneo. Small Amounts Have Also Been Obtained From Cali Fornia. The ...
Iris Family
Iris Family, A Family Of Monocotyledon Ous Herbs, Mostly Perennials With Tubers, Corms Or Rhizomes, And Usually With An Acrid Flavor. About 800 Species Belonging To More Than 50 Genera Have Been Described From Temperate And Tropical Climates, Mostly From South Africa And Tropical America. They Are Char Acterized By ...
Irish
Irish Arch/eological Remains. Ireland Has Been Called The Wonder Of Europe For The Wealth And Beauty Of Its Relics Of The Past. Those Relics Range In Scale From Cyclopean Structures Like Dun Aenghus On The Isle Of Aran And Staigue Fort In The Ancient Kingdom Of Kerry, That Awe The ...
Irish Art
Irish Art. At A Very Early Period The Irish Showed Themselves Not Only Capable Of Inventing A Style Of Architecture For Themselves, But Perfectly Competent To Carry It To A Success Ful Issue When The Proper Occasion Arose. Dur Ing The Troubled Centuries Preceding The Anglo Norman Invasion The Irish ...
Irish Harp
Irish Harp ((irish Cruit; Welsb, Crwth; English, Crowde). The Cruit Was Originally A Small Harp Or Lyre, Plucked With The Fingers As In The Case Of The Roman Fidicula; It Was Sub Played With A Bow, And Is Mentioned By An Irish Poet Who Flourished About 400 S.c. It Is ...
Irish Land Laws
Irish Land Laws. Under The Brehon Laws, When The People Of Ireland Were Divided Into Tribes, The Land Was Usually The Property Of One Of The Four Or Five Tribes Which Were The Strongest In Erin. A Large Portion Was Given To The King Or Chief Of The Tribe, Then ...
Irish Literary Revival
Irish Literary Revival, The Name Given To That Particular Development Of The Celtic Renaissance Which, Toward The End Of The 19th Century And During The 20th Cen Tury Up To The Present Date (1918), Resulted In The Production Of A Large, Valuable, And Char Acteristic Body Of Literature, Written In ...
Irish Literature In English
Irish Literature In English. The Beginning Of Anglo-irish Literature Can Be Traced To At Least The 14th Century. Michael Of Kildare (michael Fitzl3ernard),.a Mendicant Friar, Wrote A Collection Of Poems In Latin And English Or Anglo-norman, And, As One Of Them Has Reference To The Building Of The Walls Of ...
Irish Melodies
Irish Melodies. Thomas Moore (1779-1852), Though Of Humble Irish Extraction And A Roman Catholic, Made A Social Success In London As A Young Man By His Charming Personality And His Ability In Singing His Own 'odes Of Anacreon.' To Continue This Success He Composed 'irish Melodies) At Intervals Be Tween ...
Irish Music
Irish Music. Guided By The Authority Of Irish Ecclesiastical And Secular Literature, We Are Able To Follow With Certainty The General History Of Irish Music To A Period Much Earlier Than The Introduction Of Christianity Into Ire Land. In The Ancient Records Of Ireland Music Blends Itself So Intimately With ...
Irish Rebellion
Irish Rebellion. The Irish Rebel Lion Of 1916, An Abortive Attempt To Throw Off British Rule In Ireland And To Establish A Repub Lic, Was A Phase And An Issue Of The Home Rule (q.v.) Movement Since 1912. In April Of That Year Mr. Asquith Had Introduced The Third Home ...
Iron And Steel Industry
Iron And Steel Industry In The United States. It Is Not Known Whether The Mound-builders Or Other Contempo Raneous Inhabitants Of The United States Were Acquainted With The Use And Manufacture Of Iron, Nor Is It On Record That Any Iron Imple Ments Were Ever Found In The Ruins Of ...