Swiss unions resemble closely the German trade unions. The National Fed eration in 1912 had 86,000 members, the Syn dicalists 7,000 and the Catholics 4,000. Besides there were some 45,000 organized engineers and railwaymen. Since 1886 all the unions are united into a Worker's League, which meets every three years in a congress and elects a labor sectariat to represent the unions in the government. The Swiss unions are very con servative.
Australia and New Trade unionism in Australia and New Zealand is very common and extends in almost every in dustry. In 1916 Australia had 705 unions with 546,556 members. Extensive strikes took place m Australia in 1890 in which the unions lost. The latter organized a labor party and entered politics. By 1915 the Labor party was in control of the government of Australia and of the governments of all the states of the com monwealth except Victoria. New Zealand in 1912 had 322 unions with 60,000 members. The strike of 1917, in which the unions were beaten, weakened the unions considerably.
Other The National Federa tion of Trade .Unions of Spain has a member
ship of 100,000 and is growing rapidly. Legal repression hampers its growth and railway strikes are still prohibited. South Africa has 100,000 union men, mostly miners, engineers, railwaymen and building workers. Canadian trade unions are closely allied with the Ameri can unions and the American Federation of Labor. There are also some independent unions. The former has 86,542 members and the latter 13,717. There are also trade union movements in Finland and the Balkans.
Cole, G. D. H., The World of Labour: a Discussion of the Present and Future of Trade Unionism' (London 1915) ; Howell, G. (Labour Legislation. Labour Move ments, and Labour Leaders' (London 1905, 2 vols.) ; (Labor Year Book) (published in London) ; Levine, L., The Labour Movement in France, a study in Revolutionary Syndical ism' (New York 1912) ; Ogg. F. A., (Economic Development of Modern Europe' (New York 1917) ; Orth, S. P., (Socialism and Democracy in Europe' (New York 1913) ; Webb, S. and B., (History of Trade Unionism> (London 1911).