In order to preserve his communication with the Prussians, Wellington fell back upon Water loo, where he was attacked by Napoleon on the 18th. The British held their ground obstinately during the greater part of the day, and in the evening, when Blather, who had outmanoeuvred Grouchy, came up, the French were completely crushed, and Napoleon's power forever broken. The retreat was a disorderly flight. The Allies marched without opposition on Paris. On the 22d Napoleon again abdicated in favor of his son; but being threatened by Fouche, who had assumed the direction of the government; and seeing no hope of escape from France, he sur rendered at Rochefort to Captain Maitland of the British warship Bellerophon, claiming the hospitality and protection of the British govern ment. Captain Maitland was instructed to de tain him as a prisoner, and then transfer him to the Northumberland, which was to convey him to the island of Saint Helena, where he was to be confined for the rest of his life, according to a convention signed at Paris, 20 August, between Great Britain, Austria, Russia and Prussia. He landed there 16 October. In July 1816 Sir Hudson Lowe was sent out as governor of the island. From the very first Napoleon seems to have quarreled with that officer, and he appealed to the sympathy of the world through reports of the ill treatment he was subjected to. The governor had no power to remedy the chief causes of the prisoner's complaint. In Septem ber 1818 Napoleon's health began to fail. He refused medicine, would not ride, toward the end of 1820 grew worse and died at last of cancer of the stomach. On 8 May 1821 he was buried on the island; but in 1840, in accordance with his own wishes, his remains were removed to Paris, and there, under the dome of the Hotel des Invalides, they found their final resting-place. See WATERLOO, BATTLE OF; NA
POLEON'S Toms; FRANCE, HISTORY OF.
Bibliography.— Thiers, 'History of the French Revolution' (1823-27) and 'History of the Consulate and Empire' (1845-61) ; Scott, 'Life of Napoleon' (1827) ; Bignon, 'Histoire de France sous Napoleon) (1829-50); Thibau deau, 'Le consulat et l'empire' (1834-35) ; Lan frey, 'History of Napoleon' (1869-75) ; Jung, et son temps) (1880-81) ; Ropes, 'The First Napoleon' (1885) and 'Campaign of Waterloo) (1893) ; Fournier, 'Napoleon I, eine Biographic' (1886439) ; Sargent, 'Napoleon Bonaparte's First Campaign' (1894) and 'Cam paign of Marengo' (1897). For the relations of Napoleon with the United States, Adams, 'History of the United States, 1801-17> (1889 91) should be consulted. The 'Correspondance de l'Empereur Napoleon I' (1858-70) is a main source of original documentary history. Of works of a more personal character, dealing with the life of Napoleon from various points of view, among the more important are those of Bourrienne, Talleyrand, Metternich, Remusat, Marbot, Montholon, Pasquier, Segur, Las Casas, O'Meara, Sachet, Messina, Marmont and Roe derer. As recent writings of another sort bear ing on Napoleon's personal history, those of Levy and Mason deserve particular notice. The work of Rose, 'Life of Napoleon I) (1901), is the latest complete biography in English. Channing's essay on Napoleon, and Emerson's chapter in 'Representative Men,) as well as Carlyle's pictures in are still worthy of attention.