Arabic
Arabic, The. A Steamship Of The White Star Line, Torpedoed Without By A German Submarine About 60 Miles Off Fastnet (not Far From The Scene Of The Lusitania Wreck), On The Morning Of 19 Aug. 1915, One Day Out From Liverpool. Bound For New York, The Arabic Was Unarmed And ...
Arabic Literature
Arabic. Literature. While It Is Only The Last Century Before Mohammed Which Has Left A Few Traces Of Early Arabic Literature, From The Era Of The Prophet Of Islam It Grew With Marvelous Rapidity To Become One Of The Most Widely Cultivated In Successive Ages. An Outgrowth Of The Wandering ...
Aracacha Arracacha
Arracacha, Aracacha, Arra Cacia, Ar-ri-ka'cha, A Number Of Plants Be Longing To The Genus Arracacia Of The Umbelli Ferr Family, All Of Which Have Tuberous Roots, Which Are Used By The Natives Of The Uplands Of Venezuela, Colombia, Bolivia, Peru And Chile As A Food. They Boil The Arracacha And ...
Arachnida
Arachnida, The Name Applied To The Class Of Arthropods Represented By The Scorpion, Spider And Mite. The Body Is Divided Into Two Regions, The Cephalothorax And Abdomen, The Head Having Been In Embryonic Life Folded Back Over And Fused With The Thorax. There Are No Antenna, The First Pair Of ...
Aragon
Aragon, An Ancient Kingdom In The Northern Part Of The Iberian Peninsula, Com Prised In The Modern Spanish Provinces Of Huesca, Teruel And Zaragoza. Its Area Is 18,294 Square Miles. It Is Drained By The Ebro And Its Tributary Streams, Which Traverse A Central Plain. The Northern And Southern Por ...
Aralia
Aralia, The Designation Of A Widely Dis Tributed Genius Of About 20 Species Of Dicotyled Onous Shrubs, Trees And Perennial Herbs Typ Ical Of The Family Araliacece. The Species Have Large Alternate Compound Deciduous Leaves, Small Umbels Of Whitish Flowers Usually Ar Ranged In Panicles, And Two- To Five-seeded, Variously ...
Aramaic Language
Aramaic Language. Among The Semitic Languages, Which Are Variously Grouped As Northern Or Assyrian, Central Or Aramaic, Western Or Canaanite, Southern Or Arabic And Ethiopic, According To Wright, Or As East Semitic, That Is Babylonian And Assyrian, And West Semitic, Aramaic, Canaanite, Arabic, Ethiopic, Which Is Zimmern's Broader And More ...
Arany
Arany, O'ronjr, Janos, Hungarian Poet: B. Nagy-szalonta, 1 March 1817; D. Pesth, 22 Oct. 1882. He Was Of Humble Parentage; His Parents Were Very Poor, But They Made Every Effort To Give Him An Education. At 15 He Entered The College Of Debreczin, Where He Distinguished Himself. He Was Attracted ...
Araucanians
Araucanians, A'row-lca'ne-ans, A South American Native Race In The Southern Part Of Chile, Formerly Occupying Chile, Ar Gentina, Chiloe And The Chonos Archipelago, Etc. When First Encountered By The Spaniards In 1535 They Were A Confederacy Of The Loosest Kind, With Many Tribes And Sub-tribes In Entire Independence, And In ...
Araucariales
Araucariales, A Greater Group Of Coniferous Trees, Once Of Cosmopolitan Distribu Tion, But Now Restricted To Two Genera, Arau Caria And Dammara, Both Of The Southern Hemisphere. The Name Is Derived From Arau Cania Or Arauco, The District Of Southern Chile Where The Superb Form Araucaria Imbricata Of The Nahuel ...
Arawakan
Arawakan, I-ra-wa'kan, Stock (from The Arawaks, Q.v.), The Most Widely Diffused Linguistic Stock Of South America, And Originally Forming A Curious And Significant Link Between The South And North American Regional If Not Philological Stocks. Their Habitat Reached From And Southern Brazil Not Only To The Northern Coast Of Venezuela, ...
Arbitration
Arbitration, Industrial. This Is The Process By Which An Authoritative Decision Is Obtained In The Case Of A Controversy Arising Between One Or More Employers And A Group Of Employees,.or Between Two Or More Groups Of Employees, When Such Controversy Cannot Be Settled By Direct Negotiations Between The Par Ties ...
Arbor Day
Arbor Day, An Annual Tree-planting Day Appointed By Nearly Every State And Ter Ritory Of The Union, Sometimes As A Legal Hol Iday And Sometimes Merely Advisory, To As Sist In F °resting Or Reforesting Scantily-wooded Tracts Or Shading Or Beautifying Towns. It Is Generally In Special Connection With The ...
Arbuthnot
Arbuthnot, John, Scotch Physician And Author: B. Arbuthnot, Kincardineshire, Scotland, 29 April 1667; D. London, 27 Feb. 1735. Arbuthnot Was The Eldest Child Of Alex Ander Arbuthnot, Rector Of Arbuthnot, And Margaret Ilammy] Arbuthnot. Little Is Known Of John Arbuthnot's Early Life•, He Was Probably Educated At Marischal College, Aberdeen, ...
Arcadia
Arcadia. The 'arcadia' Of Jacopo Sannazaro (1456-1530) Is The Most Celebrated Of The Italian Pastoral Romances Of The Renais Sance. Composed Between 1481 And 1486, It First Appeared In A Pirated Edition At Venice In 1502, In An Authorized Print At Naples In 1504 (edited By Summonte), Finally In The ...
Arcadia_2
Arcadia. ' 'the Countesse Of Pem Broke's A Long And Elaborate Romance By Sir Philip Sidney, Was Written During Or Before 1580, And Sent In Scraps Of Manuscript By The Author To The Countess, His Sister. Its Five Books, In Prose, With In Verse After Each In The Manner Of ...
Arch
Arch, Memorial And Triumphal, A Monumental Structure Erected In Honor Of Some Prominent Person Or Memorable Event. In The Custom Of Temporarily Decorating The Gates Of Cities With Garlands And Trophies, On The Return Of A Victorious General, We Can Find The Origin Of The Triumphal Arch. These Are Similar ...
Arch
Arch, An Architectural Term Denoting A Structural Form Made Up Of A Series Of Wedge Shaped Stones Or Bricks So Arranged Over A Door Or Window In An Edifice For Habitation, Or Between The Piers Of A Bridge, As To Support Each Other And To Carry In Addition The Weight ...
Archbishop
Archbishop. The Name Of A Chief Bishop. The Attentive Reader Of The Acts Of The Apostles, Noting That Nearly The Whole Mis Sionary Energy Of Saint Paul Was Expended Upon The Cities And Chief Towns Rather Than On The Villages And The Country Districts, Will Be Prepared To Learn That ...
Archdale
Archdale, Arch-dal, John, American Colonial Governor: B. Buckinghamshire, Eng Land, Probably About 1635. Ferdinando Gorges, The Fast Proprietor Of Maine, Married His Sister Mary In 1660, And In 1664 Sent Him To Maine To Set Up Gorges Government Afresh In Opposi Tion To Massachusetts, Under Whose Protection The Settlements There ...
Archeology
Archeology, Aeke-'61%-ji (uantiq Uity-study”, The History Of Antique Human Progress As Inferred From Relics Of Man's In Dustry Or Presence, Apart From Written Records. It Is Thus Identical With History Where There Are No Such Records, And Supplementary Mate Rial For It When They Exist. It Is Distinguished From Anthropology ...
Archer
Archer, William, English Author And Critic: B. Perth, Scotland 23 Sept. 1856. Edu Cated At Edinburgh University; Became Bar Rister, Middle Temple, 1883. Went To London 1878, Became Dramatic Critic Of The Figaro, 1879-81, And London World, 1884-1905, After Wards Of The Tribune And Nation, Now Of The Star. He ...
Archery
Archery. Ages After The Bow And Arrow Had Disappeared In General Use From Europe And Many Other Countries, It Was The Universal Arm Both For War And Sport In The Americas, From Patagonia To The Arctic Circle, And Its Use Lingered On The Borders Of Advanc Ing Civilization Till Within ...
Archidamus
Archidamus, Ar'ki-dalniis, The Name Of Several Kings Of Sparta. I. The Son Of Anaxidamus, Who Lived During The Tegeatan War, Which Broke Out Soon After The Termina Tion Of The Second Messenian War, In The Year 668 B.c. Ii. The Son Of Zeuxidamus, Who Suc Ceeded To The Throne In ...
Archimedes
Archimedes, Irli-me'dez, One Of The Most Celebrated Among The Ancient Physicists And Geometricians: B. Syracuse About 287 B.c. Though, According To Some Accounts, A Relation And Certainly A Friend Of King Hiero, He Ap Pears To Have Borne No Public Office, But To Have Devoted Himself Entirely To Science. We ...
Architecture
Architecture. Architecture Is The Art Of Building Wisely And, As The Embodied Philosophy Of Man's Community Ideals, Is The Complete Index Of The Civilization Of Each Age. Beauty In Architecture Involves Such A Dispo Sition Of The Structural Elements Demanded By A Problem As Will Give To Each A Maximum ...
Archives
Archives, Imperial Russian. This Term (aarchive0) Appears In Russian Legislation For The First Time During The Reign Of Peter The Great, But The Idea Of Conserving The Important Acts Is Very Old In Russia, In Fact It Dates From The Earliest Period Of Russian Literacy. Be Sides The Earliest "doskaso ...
Archons
Archons, Arilconz, The Highest Magis Trates In Athens. There Was For A Long Period Only One Archon, Who Possessed For Life All The Power And Dignity Of A King, And Was Chosen From The Royal Race Of Codrus. In 752 A.c. A Change Was Introduced, And The Tenure Of The ...
Arctic Region
Arctic Region, The Name Given To The Region Of Land And Water Surrounding The North Pole, Reaching On All Sides To Lat. 32' N. The Arctic Or North Polar Circle Touches The Northern Headlands Of Iceland; Cuts Off The Southern And Narrowest Portion Of Greenland; Crosses Fox Strait North Of ...
Ardmore
Ardmore, Okla., City And County Scat Of Carter County, 100 Miles South Of Okla Homa City, On The Gulf, Colorado & Santa Fe, C., R. I. & Pacific. Saint Louis & San Francisco, And 0. N. M. & Pacific Railways. The Soil Is Well Adapted To Fruits, Cotton, Corn, Cereals ...
Arenaceous Rocks
Arenaceous Rocks, The Name Ap Plied To A Petrographic Division Including Loose Sands And Gravels, Sandstone, Conglomerate, Quartzites And Such Rocks As Are Mainly Com Posed Of Quartz Particles. They Are Of Mechan Ical Origin, Being Derived From Disintegration Of Pre-existing Strata And Removal And Deposition Of The Materials By ...
Areopagitica
Areopagitica, The Best-known Of The Prose Works Of John Milton. The Full Title Runs 'areopagitica: A Speech Of Mr. John Mil Ton For The Liberty Of Unlicenc'd Printing, To The Parliament Of England.' These Words Recall Isocrates And Mars Hill, And Illustrate Milton's Erudition, As Well As His Predilection For ...
Areopagus
Areopagus, The Designation Of The Oldest Athenian Court Of Justice. It Obtained Its Name From Its Place Of Meeting, On The Hill Of Ares (mars), Near The Citadel. Its Establish Ment Is Ascribed By Some To Cecrops, By Others To Solon; From The Latter, However, It Seems To Have Only ...
Aretino
Aretino, Guido, Or Guido D'arez Zo, Benedictine Monk And Reformer Of Music: B. Probably Near Paris, About 995; D. Probably At Avellano, 1050. For A Long Time It Was Be Lieved That He Was Born At Arezzo But Dom Germain Morin Found Evidence That Guido Had Received His Education At ...
Argensola
Argensola, Lupercio Leonardo De, Spanish Poet: B. Barbastro, Aragon, 14 Dec. 1559; D. Naples, March 1613. He And His Younger Brother, Bartolome (q.v.), Have Sometimes Been Called The °spanish Horaces.° Both Brothers Enjoyed The Special Protec Tion And Favor Of Maria, Widow Of Emperor Maximilian Ii Of Austria. After Having ...
Argon
Argon (greek, `inactive," In Allusion To Its Entire Lack Of Chemical Affinity), A Gaseous Substance, Presumably An Element, Discovered In The Earth's Atmosphere In 1894 By Lord Ray Leigh And Prof. William Ramsay. For Some Years Previous To This Discovery, Lord Ray Leigh Had Been Engaged In A Careful Determina ...
Argonauts
Argonauts, The Name Given In Greek Legends To The Sailors, Who, In A Ship Called The Argo, Made A Hazardous Voyage To Colchis Un Der The Leadership Of Jason, In Quest Of The Golden Fleece. Jason's Uncle Pelias Had Usurped The Kingdom Of Iolcos And Would Resign It Only On ...
Argonauts Of 49
Argonauts Of '49, A Literary Name (the Colloquial One Being "forty-niners°) Ap Plied To The California Pioneers. The First Dis Covery Of Gold Was In January 1848, But It Was Not Generally Realized Till April; From Thence Till The Following Winter California Itself (re Cently Obtained By The United States ...
Argumentation
Argumentation Is The Process Of Proving Or Attempting To Prove A Given Proposi Tion The Truth Of Which Is Doubtful Or Disputed. It Is, In Many Respects, The Converse Of The Proc Ess Of Inference Which Is Reasoning From Premises To A Conclusion. In Arguing, The Con Clusion Becomes A ...
Argunov
Argunov, Fir-goo'noff, Ivan P., Russian Painter: B. 1727; Was A Serf Of Count Shere Metyev (a. Matvyeyev's Relation) And Became A Pupil Of G. H. Grot. The Date Of His Death Is Not Positively Known. That Event Occurred, We Think, Not In 1797, As Sometimes Stated, But Probably Later By ...
Argus And Pelican
Argus And Pelican, Battle Of The. In The War Of 1812 Capt. William H. Allen (q.v.) In The Sloop-of-war Argus (rated As A 16 But Carrying 18 24's And Two Long 12's) Had Wrought Great Havoc Among British Merchant Men In The English Channel, In A Single Month Destroying More ...
Argyle
Argyle, Campbells Of, The Desig Nation Of A Distinguished Scottish Family. Among Its Most Noted Representatives Are: Archibald The 2d Earl, Who Was Killed At The Battle Of Flodden, 1513. Archibald, 5th Earl, Attached Himself To The Party Of Mary Of Guise, And Was The Means Of Averting A Collision ...
Arianism
Arianism Is The Name Given To The Doc Trine Of The Person Of Christ Advocated By Arius And His Followers. It Contained Nothing Essentially New, But It Crystallized Certain Modes And Tendencies Of Thought Which Had Been More Or Less Prevalent In The Church For Three Or Four Generations. (see ...
Ariano
Ariano, I're-a'no, Italy, Town In The Province Of Avellino, 44 Miles Northeast Of Naples, In One Of The Most Frequented Passes Of The Apennines. In The Limestone Cliffs Of The Neighborhood Caves Have Been Hollowed Out And Serve As Dwellings For Many Of The Poorer Classes. Earthenware Is The Chief ...
Ariosto
Ariosto, Ir-y6e-to, Ludovico, An Italian Poet: B. Reggio, 8 Sept. 1474; D. Ferrara, 6 June 1533. His Father, Who Was Commander Of The Citadel Of Reggio, Proposed That He Should Study Law, But, As He Showed No Indi Cation Of Being Fitted For This Profession, He Was Finally Permitted To ...
Aristides
Aristides, Apology Of, A Popular Christian Theology Written By Marcianus Aris Tides, An Athenian Philosopher, In The 2d Cen Tury A.d. (according To Eusebius, Hist. Eccl. Iv, 3). Little Was Known Of The Work Until 1891 When Harris And Robinson Published A Complete Syriac Version And Proved At The Same ...
Aristides The Just
Aristides The Just, An Athenian Statesman: B. Near The Middle Of The 6th Cen B.c. ; D. About 468 B.c. He Was The Son Of Lysimachus And Belonged To One Of The Great Athenian Families. He Was One Of The 10 Generals Of The Athenians When They Fought Against The ...
Aristippus
Ar'istip'pus, A Disciple Of Socrates, And Founder Of A Philosophical School Among The Greeks, Which Was Called The Cyrenaic, From His Native City Cyrene, In Africa; Flourished 380 B.c. His Moral Philosophy Differed Widely From That Of Socrates, And Was A Science Of Re Fined Voluptuousness. His Fundamental Prin Ciples ...
Aristobulus Of Cassandria
Aristobulus Of Cassandria, Ancient Greek Historian: B. Chalcidice, About The Middle Of The 4th Century B.c. In About 316 B.c. He Went To Cassandria And Became A Citizen There. He Accompanied Alexander The Great On His Campaign Into Asia. With This Experi Ence As A Basis He Wrote An Historical ...
Aristophanes
Aristophanes. Modern Comedy De Rives By Way Of Plautus, Terence, And Moliere From The So-called New Comedy Of Menander And His Contemporaries. The So-called Old Com Edy, Of Which Aristophanes Is The Only Surviv Ing Representative, Flourished 100 Years Earlier At The Time Of That Peloponnesian War Which Shook Greek ...
Aristotelianism
Aristotelianism. Aristotle Is The First Philosophical Writer To Make A Strict Sep Aration Of The Branches Of Philosophy. His Writings, In Terms Of Their Subject Matter, Fall Into The Following Groups: Logic, Metaphysics, Physics, Ethics, Politics And The Philosophy Of Art. A Classification Made By Aristotle, But Not Applied To ...
Aristotle
Aristotle, Greek Philosopher, And One Of The Greatest Thinkers And Scientific Investi Gators And Organizers The World Has Ever Seen. Life.— Aristotle Was Born In 384 And Died 322 Lc. His Birthplace Was Stagira (hence He Is Often Called "the Stagirit&') A City On The Thracian Peninsula Known As Chalcidice, ...
Arisugawa
Arisugawa, Ii'ne-soo-gi'wa, The Title Of A Noble Japanese Family Founded In The 17th Century And Prominent In Civil And Military Affairs. This Ancient Family Was Founded By The Seventh Son Of The Mikado Go-yozei, Dur Ing His Reign From 1587 To 1611. The Mem Bers Of The Family Did Not, ...
Arithmetic
Arithmetic. This Word Has Been And Still Is Used In Two Quite Distinct Senses. It Formerly Signified Merely The Science Of Num Bers (see Arithmetic, History Or), And Treated Such Numeral Properties As Seemed Mys Terious Or Peculiar. With The Invention Of Al Gebra It Was Often Taken To Include ...