Manufacturing and Other Industries.— The manufactured products are mostly hand made. Although there is an abundance of raw material, manufacturing has declined since about 1850. The carpets for which Turkey was once famous, the woolen goods of Mace donia (now itself lost to the empire) and other products, have in almost all parts of the empire been undersold by the machine products of other countries. A few glass factories and several paper mills have been established. Turned-brass and beaten-copper utensils for household purposes are made by hand. There are a few steam manufactories in Constanti nople. The government operates cloth mills at Kara-Mursal and Ismid in which modern machinery has been installed. The chief out put has been khaki woolen cloth for the use of the army. There is a woolen yarn-spinning works at Panderma, which employs 140 wage earners and turns out 2,750,000 pounds of yarn annually. Fishing is an important in dustry; the fisheries of the Bosporus alone have an annual value of over $1,250,000. The methods of fishing are most primitive. The sponges obtained along the Mediterranean rank with the best in the world. Pearl is obtained from the Persian Gulf and mother-of-pearl from the Red Sea.
The length of railroad line in Asiatic and European Turkey on 1 Nov. 1914 was as follows: In Europe (miles open only): Salonica-Monastir, 136 miles; Con stantinople-Salonica, 317 miles; Oriental rail roads, 593 miles, or a total of 1,046 miles in European Turkey. In Asia: Haidar-Pasha Angora, 358 miles; Eski-Shehir-Konia, 283 miles; Mudania-Brussa, 25 miles; Smyrna-Cas sabra, 165 miles; Alasheir-Afion-Karahissar, 156 miles; Smyrna-Aidin, 320 miles; Konia Eregli-Persian Gulf, 125 miles; Messina-Adana, 42 miles; Beirfit-Damascus-Mzerib, 153 miles; Rayak-Aleppo, 204 miles; Tripoli-Horns, 63 miles; Damascus-Medina, 812 miles; Jaffa Jerusalem, 54 miles; Haifa-Deraa, 105 miles; making a total of miles open for Asia of 2,865. Territorial changes after the Great War have caused the loss of much of this mileage to Turkey. The Bagdad Railway concession to Germany had for object the extension of the Anatolian line from Konia to Adana, Mosul, Bagdad and Basra, with numerous branches. It has been constructed continuously as far as Kara Bunar in Cilicia. The following sections have also been completed: Dorak to Bagtche on the Adana side of the Taurus Mountains; Radjun via Muslirnie to Jerablus on the Eu phrates, with branch from Muslimie to Aleppo; Jerablus to El-Abiad in the direction of Nisi bin (with a wooden bridge over the Euphrates); Bagdad to Samara; Alexandretta to Toprak Kale on the Dorak-Bagtche line. The line from Konia to Bagdad will have a total length of 1,509 miles, of which 1,117 miles (not contin uous) are now in operation. In 1916 Turkey, as it then was, had 3,720 miles. Before the Great War the Turkish government controlled 1,116 miles. The British military authorities took over the administration of the Bagdad Railway in January 1919. There are 1,814 post offices in the empire, which handle an average of about 22,000,000 letters, 2,000,000 post cards and 14,000,000 samples and printed matter an nually. A parcel post system has been intro duced. Foreign post offices were abolished in Turkey on 1 Oct. 1914. There are 28,890 miles of telegraph lines with about 50,000 miles of wire and about 11,000 telegraph offices. The volume of business approximates 0000,000 mes sages annually.
Commerce as well as agricul ture seems to be greatly retarded and its de velopment prevented by the duties on imports and exports and the taxes imposed on the trade between different divisions of the empire. All
articles imported into Turkey are taxed 8 per cent ad valorem, except tobacco and salt, which are monopolies. There is an export duty on all produce sent abroad, except cereals, and all produce sent from one division of the country to another pays the 8 per cent. The total trade of Turkey in 1913-14 was $183,048,400 for im ports and $97,180,600 for exports. In 1916-17 the imports declined to $98,526,520 and the ex ports to $58,292,905. The imports in 1913-14 came from the United Kingdom, 20 per cent; Austria-Hungary, 15 per cent; France, 7.7 per cent; Germany, 12 per cent,• Russia, 7.5 per cent; Rumania, 10 per cent; Italy, 11 per cent; Egypt, 4 per cent and the United States 2.6 per cent: Greece, Bulgaria and The Nether lands supplied the remainder. The exports were taken by Great Britain, 20 cent; France, 18 per cent; Austria-Hungary, 11 per cent; and Egypt, the United States and Germany about 4.5 per cent each. In 1916-17 almost 80 per cent of both import and export trade was with Ger many and Austria-Hunearia.
Shipping and The shipping and navigation facilities of the Turkish Empire consisted in 1911 of 120 steamers with a total carrying capacity of 66,878 tons; sailing vessels, 963, with a tonnage of 205,641.
the beginning of 1914 the new military service law was put into effect by the War Minister, Enver Pasha. Under the terms of this law it was ordained for the first time that every male Ottoman subject was liable to military service and that even where an exon eration tax would be accepted, this did not exempt the individual from military training, but only from a portion of the full term. When the army was mobilized later in the year, the provisions of the law were rigorously enforced, in so far that all males of military age, whether Moslem or Christian, were called into the service. Inasmuch as there were nu merous exemptions under previous laws, under which Christians were almost wholly exonerated from service, a very great number of untrained men were called to the colors. These were di vided into three classes: (1) Moslem, who were at once placed in training; (2) Christian, few of whom were placed in combatant service, but who were largely employed in transport and auxiliary service, and (3) certain persons, both Moslem and Christian, who were allowed to pay a high exemption tax. This tax was used to (Wray expenses of mobilization, etc. In February 1917 a law was passed providing for universal military service between the ages of 20 and 45. The term of actual service was placed at two years in the infantry and three in other branches, the remaining years up to 40 being spent in the Ihtiat, or reserve. Front 40 to 45 the service is continued in the Mustah fis, or territorial army. The tribal, or irregu lar Kurdish, cavalry was employed in military operations during the Great War. Turkish di visions have normally three line regiments and six to nine field or mountain batteries, each line regiment consisting of three battalions; thus the division comprises nine battalions. The artillery, where armed with quick-firing guns, is organized in four-gun batteries and where armed with older guns, in six-gun batteries. An army corps consists of two or three divi sions, a cavalry brigade, three howitzer batteries, engineer battalion, transport battalion and sig nal company. The peace strength of the army is estimated at about 200,000 men; the war strength is approximately 1,000,000.