The bill presented for subtnarine damages during the war was exceedingly steep. Recog nizing that Germany could not replace all the sunken vessels, she was required to hand over all the merchant ships under her flag of 1,600 tons or more, half of those between 1,600 and 1,000 tons, and one-fourth of her trawlers and fishing boats. She was to build for the Allied powers, at a price per ton to he agreed upon by the Reparation Commission, ships to the total tonnage of not more than 200,000 tons a year for five years, these ships to be accounted for in the reparation payrnents. She was also to hand over any boats for inland navigation acquired by her or by her people during the war, and to surrender ships of her river fleet equal to the losses of river craft by the Allies, provided she did not give up more than 20 per cent of her river fleet as it existed 11 Nov. 191& Germany was to give up, the values to be credited on her reparation account, various kinds of property, as certain subtnarine cables, specified quantities of coal for Italy and ben zol and other chemicals for France, and dye stuffs, if they were demanded. She was forced to accept a large number of restrictions on her financial and economic actions, all looking to the execution of the other obligations in the treaty. She also agreed to restore to the Uni versity of Louvain books and manuscripts equal in number and value to those destroyed by the Germans in the burning of Louvain ; and vari ous other works of artistic or historical interest taken by Gernrany from Belgitun or France in the past were to be restored, particularly the French flags taken in the Franco-Prussian war. The Kiel Canal was opened free to the vessels of conunerce and war of all nations. The Elbe, Oder, Nieman, and the Danube from Uhn were declared international rivers, and arrangements were made for the creation of international commissions to supervise traffic upon them.
International Finally, for the establishment of uniform conditions of labor, the treaty authorized the creation of a General Conference of Labor and an International Labor Office to gather and distribute infortnation concerning labor. The Conference was to meet at least once a year. Each nation that belongs to the League of Nations was to send to the Con ference two delegates appointed by the govern ment besides one representing labor and one representing capital. The organization was given little power other than that whkh looked to the creation of public opinion, and its organiza tion and annual meeting seem to malce it some what top-heavy; but it is admitteclly a powerful step toward the internationalization of the con ditions under which labor operates.
The Treaty The treaty was de livered to the German delegates in Versailles 7 May 1919, the fourth anniversary of the sink ing of the Lusitania. Its publkation in Ger many was a black event for her proud people, who had been bred to think themselves invin cible. It took much careful work to keep down an explosion which would sweep the new repub lican govertunent into ruins. After many pro testations that they would never sign, the repre sentatives at last submitted to chre necessity. The new German Parliament approved the treaty, while declaring the country was not able to pay the sums exacted. and sent to Paris delegate.s who were willing to sign it The last ceremony was performed 28 June 1919, in the Hall of Mirrors of the paLsce at Versailles, the apartment in which the German Empire was • procbimed in 1871. On 10 Jan. 1920 treaty ratifications were exchanged by Great Britian, France and Italy, but in the United States Sen ate attempts were made to modify the league covenant with an eye to weakening the obliga tions the league would impose upon the United States.
The Treaties with Austria and The treaty accepted by Germany furnished the model for the treaties with Austria and Bul garia. The former was submitted to the Aus trian delegates on 2 June 1919 at the old royal castle of Saint Germain-en-Laye, in modern times a museum 13 miles from Paris. It was accepted and signed by the Austrian representa tives on 12 Sept. 1919. In the beginning Aus tria acknowledged responsibility for the war. Terms of reparation were accepted similar to those imposed upon Germany, to be executed under the supervision of the same Reparation Commission. Loot, especially artistic and his torical objects, was to be surrendered. The separation of Austria from Hungary was recog nized, as well as the creation of the states known as Czecho-Slovakia and Jugoslavia Aus tria thus gave up her claims to Bohemia, Mo ravia, and Austrian Poland. In the south she
surrendered the Trentino, the Tyrol, Istria, and a part of Dalmatia, which with most of the islands in the Adriatic went to Italy. She also gave up Carniola, Croatia, Bosnia, Herzegovina, and the other part of Dalmatia, which went to the new Jugoslavic states. The disputed port of Fiume was in the region allotted to the Jugoslays, but its disposition was not men tioned specifically. A further feature was to require Austria to accord equal civil rights to all her inhabitants without regard to race or religion, and she was forbidden to become a part of the German Empire. Her army was to be reduced to 30,000, and mobilization and com pulsory military service were forbidden. The supplies of munitions were strictly limited and the manufacture of arms was limited to one factory controlled by the state. The navy was not to exceed three patrol boats on the Danube and no military or naval aircraft were to be maintained. Persons accused of violating the laws and usages of war were to be surrendered for trial.
Bulgaria was supposed to have obtained rnilder terms than her accomplkes because she was the first power that submitted. She agreed to pay 2,2-50,000,000 French francs within a period of 37 years, to reduce her army to 20,000 men and her gendarmerie to 10,000, to surrender her surplus war material, all her war ships and all her military aircraft, to recog nize the Jugoslavic states, to compensate them for stolen coal by delivermg 50,000 tons in five years, and to renounce the treaty of Brest Litovsk. She was also to cede certain small strips of terkitory to Serbia to rectify bounda ries, the most important being the triangle at Strumitza. The most perplexing matter in con nection with the treaty referred to the disposi tion of Western Thrace. After much debate it was finally decided that Bulgaria was to hand it over to the Allied powers to be disposed of later as they saw fit, but with the provision that Bulgaria's right of free access to the sea should riot be denied. The treaty was handed to the Bulgarian delegates 19 Sept 1919. It was not tmtil 15 November that the Bul garians notified the Conference that it was ac cepted. In maldng this treaty the delegates from the United States were asked to sit with the delegates from the Allied powers. The United States accepted the invitation, as looking to the future. They had not been at war with Bulgaria.
Bibliography.— The treaties of peace with Germany and Austria have been issued by the United States government in separate form. The former was published in full in several newspapers in July 1919. Official summaries of each and of the Bulgarian treaty were also published in most of the large dailies. The treaty with Germany -is published in a handy form by the American Association for Inter national Conciliation, No. 142 (New York, September 1919). It is also issued as a supple ment by The American Journal of International Law, XIII, No. 3, July 1919 (New York, Ox ford Press), with a good analytical table of con tents. In the same periodical for April 1919, Mr. George A. Finch presents an article *The Peace Conference at Paris,* a description of the transactions in the plenary sessions in cluding that of 14 Feb. 1919. Siinilar matter is found in No. 139 of the publications of the American Association for International Con ciliation (New York, June 1919). Much has appeared in the newspapers on the confficts that arose in the Conference, most of it colored, no doubt, by the personal views of the editor, reporter, or the person communkating the in formation. The only prominent actor in the affairs of the Conference who has appeared be fore the public is Mr. Ray Stannard Baker, whose small book,
Jours. SPENCER BASSEIT, Professor of History, Smith College.