WATSRWAY11 OF TIM UNI?ZD STATES.
United States and Canadian canals are open to the vessels of either country.
The Great Lakes with their spacious bays and in-flowing tributaries are partly within the' jurisdiction of the United States and partly within the Dominion of Canada. Such parts of them as are within the United States com prise some of its most important waterways. Their waters wash the shores of Minnesota, Wisconsin, Michigan, Indiana, Illinois, Ohio, Pennsylvania and New York. Other States also are brought in touch with their manifold and extensive commerce. Their score or more spacious and improved harbors with the chan nels of 19 to 23 feet in depth are frequented by the largest grain, ore and lumber fleets in the world, and the volume of their aggregate tonnage approaches, if it does not exceed, 100,000,000 tons annually. They are equipped with all modern appliances for loading and unloading the large lake vessels, some of whose cargo capacities exceed 14,000 gross tons. In 1917, the tonnage at the port of Duluth was 52,411,824 tons, that being the largest tonnage of any inland port in the world.
In 1917 therepassed through the United States canals at Saint Mary's Falls, 10,469 lockages of vessels carrying 74,361,850 tons of freight, and 11,990 passengers, and there passed through the Canadian Saint Mary's Falls Canal 5,349 vessels carrying 15,452,048 tons of freight and 26,349 passengers, making an aggregate tonnage passing throufh the two Saint Mary's Falls canals of 89,81 ,898 tons of freight and 38,339 passengers. In additign to these were the vessels with their cargoes and pas sengers passing through other Great Lake ports, but not through Sault Sainte Marie canals. The lake tonnage of the port of Buffalo in 1917 was 18,925,179 tons. Such other lake ports as Superior, Chicago, Milwaukee Detroit, To ledo, Cleveland, Ashtabula, Conneaut, Erie, Tonawanda, Oswego and Ogdensburg had in the aggregate millions of tons of waterborne freights and in addition thousands of passengers. The commerce of the Great Lakes and connect ing waters justifies the expenditure of millions of dollars annually to keep their harbors ade quate to accommodate the several hundred lake vessels in the service. The Niagara River along
its eastern margin has a ship channel 200 feet wide and 23 feet deep from Buffalo Harbor down five miles through the ship lock 650 feet long and 68 feet wide with 22 feet of water over the mitre sills into the deep waters of the river. The navigable channel at Tonawanda has been improved. Tonawanda Creek is also improved to make it navigable for lake vessels. The harbors and connecting channels of the Great Lakes are from 19 to 23 feet deep at mean lake levels.
Lake Ontario ports include Charlotte Harbor, with a channel, 21)0 feet wide and 20 feet deep up to the mouth of the Genesee River; Great Sodus Bay and Little Sodus Bay, which have been improved, each having an entrance channel 150 feet wide and 155/2 feet deep, protected by lengthy parallel piers; Oswego Harbor with an entrance channel 16 feet deep and 600 feet wide up to the mouth of the Oswego River and Cape Vincent Harbor and the harbor at Og densburg. The latter is provided with an upper entrance channel 19 feet deep and from 300 to 450 feet wide, and also for a channel 19 feet deep and from 200 to 350 feet wide along the city water front, and also for a lower entrance channel and basin 19 feetand from 1,600 to 2,100 feet wide along the lower wharf frontage. Ogdensburg is the principal Saint Lawrence River Harbor in the United States, and its tonnage in-1917 was 1,029,427 tons. The Saint Lawrence is the outlet of the Great Lakes and flows wholly through Canadian territory below its Long Sault Rapids a few miles north of Ogdensburg.
Pacific Coast. Colorado Rivet is navigable between the Laguna Dam and Fort Mohawk, a distance of 280 miles, by boats. of 20 to 22 inches draft nearly all the year, provided channels be maintained through shift ing bars of sand. San Diego and Los Angeles harbors have each been dredged and have en trance diannels 35 feet deep and from 400 to 500 feet in width, which channels increase is width landward to turning basins. The ton nage in San Diego Harbor in 1917 was 33,092 tons, and that for 1917 in Los Angeles Harbor was 288,917 tons.