Manufactures.— These are comparatively insignificant and do not comprise any particular or national manufacture. There are, however, one or two articles which have attained a con siderable reputation; these are the woolens and earthenware of Jutland, the former a domestic manufacture; the wooden clocks of Bornholm and a superior kind of stove made in Copen hagen, The manufacture of paper is pretty extensive and has of late years been greatly improved and extended. There are also iron foundries, sugar refineries, some extensive tan neries and many distilleries. Randers in Jut land and Odensee in the island of Fiinen were formerly celebrated for the manufacture of gloves; but the peculiar kind of leather from which they were made, and in which their ex cellence consisted, is now prepared in other countries. The people of Denmark bake their own bread, brew their own beer and spin the greatest portion of the woolen yarn afterward knitted into stockings or woven into cloth by the village weaver. The women make up their own dresses and frequently the clothes of their husbands; the latter make the wooden shoes and slippers and manufacture the greater part of the house furniture and farming utensils. Several of the manufacturing establishments of Denmark belong to the government. Among these establishments are a royal porcelain manufactory in Copenhagen and a royal cloth manufactory in Irsserod, which supplies cloth for the army. According to statistics gathered on 26 May 1914, there are 82,442 industrial fac tories and shops in Denmark, employing alto gether 346,000 persons, of whom 229,000 were skilled workers. Of the total establishments 15,400 used mechanical power. There were 22 distilleries (5 in Copenhagen) whose output of brandy reduced to 100 degrees, amounted to 2, 989,646 gallons. In 1916 there were produced 297,000 gallons of excisable beer and 348,250, 000 gallons (small) beer, not excisable. In the same year 137,760 tons of beet sugar were produced at 9 sugar factories and 56,480 tons of margarine in 49 factories.
Commerce, Canals and Railways.— The commerce of Denmark is carried on chiefly with Great Britain, Germany (especially Schleswig Holstein), Norway, Sweden, United States and Russia, Great Britain and Germany possessing by far the largest share. The chief imports are textile goods (especially cottons), metals and hardware, wood and articles made of it, coal, bricks, salt, manure, oil, oil-cake, fish, rice, coffee, fruit, glassware, paper. The principal imports are cotton manufactures, coal and iron. Considerable quantities of cotton are imported by Denmark from Germany. The manufactures of Denmark being, as already mentioned, in significant, the articles exported consist chiefly of agricultural products. The declared value of the total imports in 1914 amounted to $220, 913,330 and that of the exports to $240,957,220. In 1916 the mercantile marine of Denmark con sisted of 3,570 vessels, with a total tonnage of 595,252 tons. The coasting trade is extensive and is largely shared in by foreigners. There are several canals in Denmark, but none of them of any great consequence. There are 2,404 miles of railroads, over half owned by the state, running across the islands of Seeland, Fiinen, Laaland and Falster, which, assisted by ferries, gives direct communication with the capital on the one hand and with Jutland on the other.
Moneys, Weights Since 1 Jan. 1875 the unit of the Danish monetary system has been the krone or crown, equal to about cents. The krone is divided into 100 ore. The use of the metric system of weights and meas ures became obligatory in Denmark in public offices on 1 April 1910, and generally on 1 April 1912.
People, Education, The popula tion of Denmark is composed almost exclusively of Danes, with a few thousand Jews and others. The Danes have regular and well formed features, fair or brownish hair and blue eyes, with muscular frames; they are kind hearted, honest and simple-minded, and continue to maintain their ancient reputation of being bold and hardy seamen. All classes are noted for their hospitality, which is indeed a char acteristic of the nation. At the head of the educational institutions stand the University of Copenhagen and the Holberg Academy at Sorifie. Elementary education is widely diffused, al though in this regard Denmark is no longer so pre-eminent as formerly; it is compulsory for children between the ages of 7 and 14 years, and the public schools, maintained by communal rates, are, with the exception of a few middle class schools, free. Of elementary schools there
are 3,446 with 400,000 pupils. There are train ing colleges for teachers, and classical and other higher education is afforded by a large number of colleges in the more important towns, with the University of Copenhagen (1,300 students) for the centre of the entire system. Denmark has also a theological seminary a royal surgical college, a veterinary and agricuitural school, and numerous military, technical and commercial schools, while 71 ((people's high schools° provide instruction in agricultural subjects. There are three public libraries in Copenhagen, of which the Royal Library, with 500,000 volumes, is espe cially rich in Oriental and Icelandic MSS. The established religion is Lutheran, to which the king must belong; but complete toleration is en joyed in every part of the kingdom. The Reformation was introduced in 1536, when the Church revenues were seized by the Crown. Denmark is divided into seven dioceses, in which there are 1,360 parishes. According to the census of 1911 there were 2,732,792 Protes tants, 9,821 Roman Catholics, 256 Greek Cath olics, 5,164 Jews and 9,043 other or of no confession.
Government, Army and Navy, Finance.— The government of Denmark is a constitutional monarchy, the kink being assisted by a cabinet of 10 ministers. 1 he Crown was elective until 1660, when the people and clergy, impelled by hatred toward the nobles, invested the sovereign (Frederick HI) with absolute power, and de clared the succession to the throne hereditary. From that time the Crown exercised absolute rule till 1831, when a constitution was granted. This proving unsatisfactory was superseded in 1848 by the form of government which, with some alterations, Denmark now enjoys. The present Constitution of Denmark is founded on the ((Griindlov° (charter) of 5 June 1915, which was put in force 1 Jan. 1916. According to this new charter, the executive power is vested in the king and his responsible ministers, and the right of making and amending laws in the Rigs dag, or Diet, acting in conjunction with the sov ereign. The king must be a member of the Evangelical Lutheran Church, which is declared to be the religion of the state. The Rigsdag comprises the Folkething and the Landsthing, the former being the popular chamber, the lat ter a senate. The Folkething consists of 140 members returned in direct elections by uni versal suffrage for the term of four years. The franchise is enjoyed by all citizens of good repu tation, male and female (of an age gradually decreasing from 30 years at present to 25), who are not in receipt of poor-relief. All voters are eligible for election to the house. Of the 140 members the capital has to elect 24 by the list system of proportional representation. Outside the capital 92 members are elected in single member constituencies by simple majority, and furthermore 23 additional seats are to be allotted to candidates of those parties who have obtained less than their proportional share. The addi tional seats are to be had by those non-elected candidates having received the most votes. The Lansdthing consists of 72 members. The fran chise is enjoyed by all electors to the Folkething, of 35 years of age, and residing in the electoral district. All former privileges for the largest taxpayers have been abolished by the Griindlov of 1915. The election is indirect and exclusively proportional. Fifty-four of the 72 members are elected by the Andra (Hare) method of pro portional representation in large electoral dis tricts, mostly embracing 10 to 12 members. The remaining 18 members are to be elected on the principle of proportional representation by the members of the outgoing house. Fifty-four members of the Landsthing are reappointed in two sections, each including about 27, and sitting 8 years. Both the members of the Landsthing and of the Folkething receive payment for their services at the rate of 10 kroner ($2.26) per day. Members must accept payment. The Rigsdag must meet every year on the first Tues day in October. To the Folkething all money bills must in the first instance be submitted by the government. The Landsthing, besides its legislative functions, has the duty of appoint ing from its midst every four years judges who, together with the ordinary members of the Hoiesteret, form the Rigsret, a tribunal to try parliamentary impeachments. The ministers have free access to both of the legislative as semblies, but can only vote in that chamber of which they are members.