Durham
Durham, University Of, Located At Dur Ham And Which Was Originated In 1831 Under Bishop Van Mildert By The Appropriation Of Part Of The Property Belonging To The Cathedral Chap Ter. In 1832 An Act Of Parliament Was Obtained Sanctioning The Erection Of The Proposed Univer Sity; In 1833 The ...
Duse
Duse, Doo'sa, Eleanore, Italian Actress: B. Vigevano, Italy, 3 Oct. 1859. Her Childhood And Early Youth Were Filled With Sorrow, Aris Ing From Poverty, Hardships, The Loss Of Friends And An Unworthily Bestowed Affection. Hers Was A Lineage Of Actors, And Her Early Environ Ment Destined Her For The Stage. ...
Dusseldorf
Dusseldorf, Germany, City, The Capital Of The Government Of The Same Name, In The Rhenish Province; On The Rhine, Here Crossed By A Bridge Of Boats, And On The Railroad From Elberfeld, 24 Miles North By West Of Cologne By Rail. It Consists Of The Old Town In The North, ...
Dust
Dust, The Fine Particles Of Matter Which Float On Currents Of Air Or Settle On Surrounding Objects. These Particles Consist Of Sand, Soot, Cotton Fibre, Pollen, Fine Hair, Pulverized Excreta Of Animals, Parts Of Seeds, Bacteria, Molds, Etc. This Is The Ordinary Condition Of Things. Fre Qu4ntly, As Was The ...
Dutch East Indies
Dutch East Indies, The Islands In The Malay Archipelago Owned By The Dutch; Situ Ated Between 6° N. And 11° S. Lat., And Between 95° And E. Long. The Names, Area And Pop Ulation Of The Divisions Are As Follows: The Areas Given Are Accurate; But, Except For Java Madura, ...
Dutch West India Company
Dutch West India Company, The, An Association Of Merchants Of Amsterdam, Zealand, The Meuse, North Holland And Fries Land, Incorporated 1621, With A Capital Of 6,000, 000 Florins (about $2,500,000). Unlike The East India Company, Which Was Primarily A Trading Association And In Its Conquests And Colonies Had No Other ...
Dutch West Indies
Dutch West Indies, The. The Possessions Of Holland In The West Indies Are Surinam Or Dutch Guiana And The Colony Of Curacao. Surinam Is Situated On The North Coast Of South America Between 2 And 6° North Latitude And 53° 50" And 58° 20" West Longitude, And Is Bounded On ...
Dutch And Flemish Furniture
Dutch And Flemish Furniture. Under The Rule Of The Dukes Of Burgundy Flanders Was Brought To The Zenith Of Perfec Tion In Some Branches Of The Industrial Arts, Especially Tapestry Weaving. But Not Until The 15th Century Do We Find Any Pieces Of Movable Furniture Conforming To Our Idea Of ...
Dutch In America
Dutch In America, The. Set Like A Wedge At The Meeting Point Of The Celtic And Teutonic Races And At The Mouths Of The Rivers Flowing Out From The Continent, The Evolution Of Civilization In The Low Countries Proceeded Notably On The Lines Of Industry And Democracy. By The Sixteenth, ...
Dutt
Dutt, Doot, Michael Madhusudan, Indian Poet : B. 25 Jan. 1824 At Sagandari, In The Dis Trict Of Jessore, Bengal, India; D. 29 June 1873. His Father, Rajnarayan Dutt, Was A Lawyer In Calcutta. From His Earliest Boyhood Mad Husudan Showed Signs Of Future Greatness. He Received His Education In ...
Duty
Duty. A Course Of Conduct Is A Duty If Abstention From It Is Evil. This Definition Would Seem To Make Duty Logically Dependent On Good And Evil, But It Is Possible To Define The Good As That Which It Is One's Duty To Secure, So That The Logical Order Of ...
Duvergier De Hauranne
Duvergier De Hauranne, Doo Ver-zhe-1 De 6-ran, Jean, French Theologian : B. Bayonne 1581; D. Paris, 11 Oct. 1643. At The University Of Louvain, Where He Studied The Ology, One Of His Fellow Students, And His Most Intimate Friend, Was Cornelius Jansen (q.v.), After Whom A Certain System Of Theological ...
Dwarf
Dwarf, A Human Being Much Below The Ordinary Size Of Man. Dwarfs Are Described By Several Ancient Classical Writers. Herodotus Gives An Account Of A Race Of Dwarfs Living In Libya And The Syrtes, To Which. Aristotle And Pliny Also Refer. Henry M. Stanley, In His Journey Across Africa In ...
Dwight
Dwight, Timothy, American Clergyman And Educator: B. Norwich, Conn., 16 Nov. 1828; D. New Haven, Conn., 26 May 1916. He Was Graduated At Yale In 1849. He Stayed At Yale As Tutor, Studied In The Theological School And Was Graduated There In 1853. In 1855 He Was Licensed To Preach ...
Dyeing
Dyeing. Dyeing Is The Art Of Staining Or Coloring Yarn Or Cloth In Such A Manner That The Color Is To A Measurable Degree Permanent. The Art Was Practised Among The Eastern Nations From Time Immemorial, And In The Scriptures We Read Of The Vestments Of The High Priest Being ...
Dyes
Dyes, Substances Employed To Impart Colors Of A Measurable Degree Of Permanence To Fabrics. They Are Classified According To Their Origin As (1) Natural Organic Dyes— In Two Groups, Vegetable And Animal; (2) Mineral Dyes And (3) Artificial Organic Dyes, The First Class Includes Such Vegetable Coloring Agents As Indigo ...
Dynamics Of Machinery
Dynamics Of Machinery. When An Engine Has Been Proportioned To Sufficient Capacity And Strong Enough In All Its Parts To Transmit Or Develop A Given Amount Of Power There Still Remains The Problem Of Dynamic De Sign Which Deals. With The Engine In Operation. The Requirements In Dynamic Design Are ...
Dynamite
Dynamite (from Greek Dynamis, Power), An Explosive Invented By Nobel In 1866 And Originally Consisting Of Infusorial Silica Or Diatomaceous Silica, Called Alcieselguhr,') And Nitroglycerin. The Kieselguhr, Being Composed Of The Siliceous Skeletons Of Micro-organisms, Is A Very Fine, Dry Powder With A Great Capacity For Absorbing And Holding Liquids, ...
Dynamometers And The Meas
Dynamometers And The Meas Urement Of Power. In Designing A Modern Industrial Plant Or Manufactory And In 'estimating The Amount And Cost Of Power For Its Operation, An Accurate Knowledge Of The Amount Of Power Absorbed By The Different Ma Chines Is Not Only Desirable, But Essential To Economy And ...
Dysentery
Dysentery, A General Term Connoting A Series Of Diseased Conditions Of The Large Intestine Or Colon (q.v.). These May Be Of An Infectious, Nervous Or Chronic Inflammatory Origin. At The Present Time, It Is Becoming Recognized That Most Cases Of Dysentery Are Due To Different Micro-organisms, And Within Recent Years ...
Dyslysin
Dyslysin (gr. To Dissolve”), An Amorphous, Resinous Substance, Having The For Mula C24}1,.0., And Obtained From Cholalic Acid By Heating To About 600° F. Or By Prolonged Boiling With Dilute Hydrochloric Or Sulphuric Acid. It Is Soluble In Ether, Slightly Soluble In Boiling Alcohol And Insoluble In Water; And It ...
Dyspepsia
Dyspepsia Is That Combination Of Symp Toms That Results From Interference With The Proper Digestion Of Food In The Stomach. Be Cause Of The Taking Of Too Much Food Or Un Suitable Food, The Mucous Membrane Of The Stomach Becomes Irritated And There Is Set Up An Acute Or Subacute ...
Dziggetai
Dziggetai,. Dzig'ge-ti, The Native Name For The Mongolian Wild Horse Or Wild Ass (asinus Or Equus Hemionus), Also Known As The Kiang (q.v.), And Sometimes Compounded With The Kulan (equus Or Asinus Onager). Fifth Letter Of The English Alphabet, As Also Of The Alphabets Of Greek And Latin, And Of ...
Eagle
Eagle, As A Popular Name, Includes Several Raptorial Birds Which Vary In Some Respects From The Strictly Defined Group In Which Sci Ence Has Been Wont To Place It. The Order Accipitres, To Which It Belongs, Is Broad Enough In Definition To Include All The Vultures, The Typical Eagles, And ...
Eagle In Art And
Eagle In Art And Symbolism. The Persians And Other Ancient Nations Sqch As The Assyrians And Egyptians All Utilized The Eagle's Form In Art, Xenophon Tells Us That Eagles Were On The Persian Ensigns. The Ancient Armies Of The Romans Had The Eagle Carried As A Standard, Hence They Used ...
Eames
Eames, William S., American Architect: B. Clinton, Mich., 4 Aug. 1857; D. 5 March 1915. He Received His Education At Washing Ton University And At The Ecole Des Beaux Arts, Paris, And At Rome. He Settled At Saint Louis, Mo., And There Practised His Profession After 1862, Where He Also ...
Ear Of Dionysius
Ear Of Dionysius, A Famous Quarry Near Syracuse, In Which The Slightest Whisper Was Audible At A Great Distance. It Was Con Nected By A Secret Passage To The Palace Of Dionysius, The Elder, Who Died 367 B.c.; Also An Acoustic Instrument With A Large Mouthpiece To Collect The Sound, ...
Earl Of
Earl Of, British Statesman: B. London, 12 April 1792; D. Cowes, Isle Of Wight, 28 July 1840. He Was Educated At Eton, And Was Returned To The House Of Commons As Liberal Member For Durham In 1813. An Ardent Reformer, He Was Known As °radical Jack' Favored In 1819 Shorter ...
Early
Early, Jubal Anderson, American Sol Dier: B. Franklin County, Va., 3 Nov. 1816; D. Lynchburg, Va., 2 March 1894. He Was Gradu Ated From The United States Military Academy In 1837, Fought In The Seminole War (1837-38), And Having Resigned From The Service, Entered Legal Practice At Rocky Mount, Franklin ...
Early English Architecture
Early English Architecture, The Name Generally Given To The First Pointed Gothic Used In England. This Style Of Archi Tecture Began To Be Used In'england About The End Of The 12th Century And Lasted For About 100 Years. It Immediately Succeeded The Nor Man And Finally Merged In The Decorated ...
Earthly Paradise
Earthly Paradise, The, The Great Narrative Poem Of William Morris, Was Writ Ten In The Years 1865 To 1870, The Height Of His Career As Craftsman And Business Man. The Scheme That Holds Together This Strange Medley Of Greek Myth, Norse Saga, French Romance And Arabian Talc Is Amazingly Simple. ...
Earthquake
Earthquake. Earthquake Denotes A Shaking Of The Earth's Crust, Due To The Passage Of Elastic Waves, Depending On Some Internal Cause. These Waves Are Principally Of Two Classes: Longitudinal, In Which The Particles Vibrate As In Sound; And Transverse, In Which They Vibrate As In Light; But Near The Origin ...
Earthquakes
Earthquakes, Instruments For Re Cording. The First Record Of An Earthquake Really Worthy Of Being Regarded As Accurate And Complete Was Obtained By Prof. James Ewing At The University Of Tokio, On 3 Nov. 1880, By The Aid Of A New Seismograph Of His Own In Vention. This Great Epoch-making ...
Earthworm
Earthworm, Any Terrestrial Annelid Of The Order Oligochteta. Although Certain Fami Lies Of Oligochata Are Strictly Aquatic And Others Exclusively Terrestrial, Still Others Con Tain Both Aquatic And Terrestrial Species, And Aside From Peculiarities Which Are Obviously Adaptations To The Mode Of Life No Sharp Dis Tinctions Can Be Drawn ...
Earwig
Earwig, An Orthopterous Insect, Forming Type Of A Family, For Ficulidce. This Insect Has Generally A Habit Of Concealing Itself In Cavities, Endeavoring To Reach Their Innermost Recesses And In Some Rare Cases May Have Sought A Hid Ing Place In The Ear, But Its Passage Into The In Ternal ...
Easement
Easement, A Legal Term, Denoting A Privilege Comprising A Permanent Public Or Per Sonal Right As Legal Owner Of One Parcel Of Land, To Use, Or Forbid Its Use, For Some Special Purpose, With Regard To A Parcel Of Land Belong Ing To Another Owner. This Definition Includes Easements Strictly ...
East Africa
East Africa, German, The German Pos Sessions In East Africa, Acquired In 1885-90, Lying Immediately To The South Of British East Africa, And Having An Estimated Area Of About 384,000 Square Miles And Population (1913) Of 7,678,132, Of Whom 5,536 Are Europeans. They Are Bounded On The North By A ...
East Africa Protectorate
East Africa Protectorate, A British Dependency, Extending From The Umba To The Juba River, And As Far Inland As Uganda. It Includes Certain Lands Rented At An Annual' Fee Of F17,000 From The Sultan Of Zanzibar; Namely, The Lamu Archipelago; A Strip 10 Miles Inland Reaching From The German Frontier ...
East Africa_2
East Africa, Portuguese, Or Mozam Bique. The Possessions Of Portugal, Com Prising Three Distinct Entities: The Province Of Mozambique (293,580 Square Miles) The Com Panh Ia Do Mocambique (59,840 Square Miles) ' • And The Companhia Do Nyissa (73,292 Square Miles). The First-named Is Divided Into Five Districts, With Lourenco ...
East Chicago
East Chicago, Ind., City Located In Lake County, On The Southeasterly Shore Of Lake Michigan, 19 Miles From The Central Busi Ness District Of Chicago,. But Only Two Miles From The East Line Of Chicago's City Limits. It Contains Three Railway Stations, Known On The Maps As East Chicago Proper, ...
East India Companies
East India Companies, The Various European Trading Companies Chartered By Their Respective Governments For The Control Of Their Trade In India And The Adjacent Countries And Islands. From An Early Period, The Italian Re Publics Had Established A Flourishing Trade With These Eastern Dominions, Which Was Interrupted By The Moslem ...
East Saint Louis
East Saint Louis, Ill., City Of Saint Clair County, Located On The Left Bank Of The Mississippi, Opposite Saint Louis, Mo., With Which It Is Connected By Several Bridges. Communications, Etc.— East Saint Louis Is Served By 27 Trunk Line Railroads, All Connected By Four Terminal Belt Lines. One Hundred ...
Easter
Easter, The Christian Spring Festival Commemorating The Resurrection. The Term In Teutonic And Anglo-saxon Languages Is Derived From Ostara, The Divinity Of Spring Of The Ancient Norsemen, Who Was Welcomed In A Festival Of Celebration On Her Annual Return, Reclothing The Earth With Greenery And Flowers, After Each Winter And ...
Easter Waihu Orrapa
Easter Waihu Or Rapa Nui, The Easternmost Inhabited Of The Poly Nesian Group Of Islands In The South Pacific Ocean, Long. 109° 17' W.; Lat. 27° 6' S., 1,400 Miles East Of Its Nearest Neighbor, Pitcairn Is Land, And 2,000 Miles East Of Chile, To Which It Was Annexed In ...
Eastern Question
Eastern Question, The. The Rivalry Between The Great Powers For Control Of The Balkans And The Political Struggle Among The Balkan States Themselves Constitute The East Ern Question. Prior To The 19th Century The Rivalry Between The Great Powers Turned Upon Religion As An Ostensible Motive, While Politics Remained At ...
Eastern Star
Eastern Star, Order Of The, Com Posed Of Members Of Freemasonry, Their Wives,. Sisters, Daughters, Mothers And Widows, May Justly Be Termed A Monster Fraternity. The Membership In 1916 Was About 800,000, With A Trifle Over 8,000 Chapters, An Estimated Gain Of About 50,000 A Year. In Addition To The ...
Easton
Easton, Pa., City, County-seat Of North Ampton County, Situated At The Extreme East Ern Part Of The State, On The Banks Of The Dela Ware River, At Its Confluence With The Lehigh River And The Bushkill Creek, 74 Miles West Of New York And 65 Miles North Of Philadel Phia, ...
Eaton
Eaton, Seymour, American Author: B. Epping, Ont., 1859; D. Lansdowne, Pa., 13 March 1916. After Seven Years Of District School Teaching He Became A Resident Of Boston. He Started Later In Philadelphia The Booklovers Library And The Tabard Inn Enterprise. The Feature Of The Booldovers Library Was A De Livery ...
Eatonton
Eatonton, 't.enl-toton, Ga., City, County Seat Of Putnam County; On The Central Of Georgia Railroad; On The Oconee River, About 68 Miles Southeast Of Atlanta. The City Has Extensive Agricultural, Cotton And Fruit-growing Interests. Its Industrial Establishments Include Cotton Factories, Gins, And Compresses, And Creameries. The Fruit Trade Is Considerable. ...
Eau Claire
Eau Claire, 6 Klar, Wis., City And County-seat Of Eau Claire County, At The Mouth Of The Eau Claire River, And The Head Of Navi Gation Of The Chippewa River, And On The Chi Cago And Northwestern; Chicago, Milwaukee And Saint Paul, And Several Other Railroads; 85 Miles East Of ...
Ebers
Ebers, Georg Moritz, German Egyptolo Gist And Novelist: B. Berlin, 1 March 1837; D. Tutzing, Bavaria, 7 Aug. 1898. About 1859 He Began To Devote Himself 'almost Exclusively To Egyptological Studies, And In 1869 Was Appointed Extraordinary Professor Of Language, History And Antiquities Of Ancient Egypt At Jena. In The ...
Ebionites
Ebionites, Elii-on-its, A Sect Composed Of Jewish Believers In Jesus Of Nazareth As Be Ing The Christ Or Messiah, Who Nevertheless Re Tained Many Of The Practices And Beliefs Of Their Ancestral Religion. Their Name, Ebionites, Seems To Be Formed From The Hebrew Word Ebionim, Poor Folk; But Some Of ...
Ebullition
Ebullition, Eh-11-lish'on, The Bubbling Up Or Agitation Which Results From The Action Of Heat On A Liquid. The Escape Of Vapor From Water Depends Not Merely Upon The Temperature, But Upon The Presence Of Gases And Other Bodies, Upon The Vessel, And A Variety Of Circumstances, So That A Strict ...
Ecarte
Ecarte, Rkar-ti', From The French, Mean Ing Discard, A Game At Cards For Two Persons. The Game Is Played With A Piquet Pack, That Is 32 Cards, The Small Cards, From 2 To 6, Being Ex Cluded. For Convenience Of Dealing, Two Packs Are Generally Used. The Players Cut For ...
Ecclesia
Ecclesia ("convocation'), A Popular As Sembly, Especially That Of Athens, Where The People Exercised Full Sovereignty And At Which Every Citizen Of 20 Years Of Age Was Entitled To Vote. In Early Times, The Ecclesia Met Once In Each Prytanig, A Period Of 35 Days, Into Which The Year Was ...
Ecclesiastes
Ecclesiastes. One Of The Books Of The Old Testament. The Title In The Greek Bible, Transliterated In The Latin And Some Modern Versions, Is A Rendering Of The Hebrew Qoheleth. Plato ('gorgias,' 452 E) And Aristotle ((poli Tics,' Iii, 1) Use The Term For "a Member Of The Assembly.' The ...
Ecclesiasti Cal Goldsmithing And
And Crucifixes; Corona; Chandelier; Cathe Drals And Churches; Costume, Ecclesiasti Cal; Goldsmithing. Bibliography.—armengaud, J. G. D., (les Chefs-d'oeuvre De L'art Chritier0 (paris 1858); Barr, J., 'anglican Church Architecture, With Remarks Emarks On Ecclesiastical Furniture' (oxford 1846) ; Bertaux, E., (l'art Religieux De La Fin Du Moyen Age' (in Gazette Des ...
Ecclesiastical Art
Ecclesiastical Art. The Science Of Ecclesiology Consists Of Two Entirely Distinct And Separate Branches Of Religious Work. One Of These Concerns Itself With The Organization And Development Of The Church Body, The Polity Of The Church Community, All From The Side Point Of The Clergy Or Prelates. The Second Branch ...
Ecclesiastical Titles Assump Tion
Ecclesiastical Titles Assump Tion Act, A Law Of The British Parliament, Enacted In 1850 (14 And 15 Vict. Chap. 60) To Prohibit, Under Penalty, The Assumption Of Eccle Siastical Titles (for Example: Archbishop Of Westminster, Bishop Of Clifton, Dean Of Shef Field) By Any Persons Not Duly Appointed To Such ...
Ecclesiasticus
Ecclesiasticus. One Of The Deutero Canonical Books Of The Old Testament. It Is Found In The Greek Bible And Its Daughter Versions,. In The Latin Vulgate, And In Syriac Manuscripts, And Recognized As A Part Of The Canon Of The Roman Catholic .and The Oriental Churches, But Not Included In ...
Echelon
Echelon, Esh'e Ion (fr. ((a Ladder Or Stepping Stone"), Used In Military Language. A Battalion, Or Marches En Echelon, Or Par Echelon, If The Divisions Of Which It Is Com Posed Do Not March In One Line, But On Parallel Lines. The Divisions Are Not Exactly Behind Each Other, But ...
Echinodermata
Echinodermata, E-ki-no-der-ma'ta, Or Echinoderma, One Of The Most Dis Tinct Phyla Of The Animal Kingdom, Embracing The Crinoids, Sea Cucumbers, Sea Urchins And Starfishes. On Account Of A Predominating Radical Symtnetry Cuvier United Them With The Crlenterata In His Type Radiates Leuckart Was The First To Clearly Perceive That Only ...
Echo
Echo, From The Greek, Meaning ((sound? Noise; A Sound Repeated By Reflection, Or A Sound Heard Again At Its Source. The Waves Of Sound On Meeting The Surface Are Turned Back In Their Course According To The Same Laws That Hold For Reflection Of Light. Even Clouds Are Capable Of ...