A Lexandrite
A Lexandrite, A Name Given To Specimens Of The Mineral Cliry Soberyt, Brought From The Ural. [cnevsonsevt.] A Lase Is The Name Given By Botanists To The Tribe Of Plants Which Comprehends The Sea-weetle, Lavers, And Fresh-water Nubmersed Species Of Similar Habits'. In Structure They Vary Through A Vast Variety ...
Abdomen
Abdomen, The Belly, From Abdo, To Hide, Because It Conceals Or Hides Its Contents. The Last Syllable Is Only A Termination. The Lower Belly, Imus Venter, Alma, Gaster, &c. &c., Are Synonymous. The Human Body Is Divided By Anatomists Into Three Portions—the Head, The Trunk, And The Extremities. The Head ...
Aberdevine
Aberdevine (carduelis Spine, Cm-kr ; Fringilla Figuring, Ranzani), Sometimes Called The Siskin, A Well-known Song-bird, Which Has Some Resemblance To The Green Variety Of The Canary Bird, But There Is Considerable Difference In Individual Birds With Respect To The Brightness Of Colouring. The Colours Of The Male In Full Plumage ...
Abraham Cowley
Cowley, Abraham, The Son Of N Grocer Resident In Fleet-street, London, Was Born In 1618, And Educated At Westminster School, And Trinity College, Cambridge. He Was An Early Poet, And Attributes The Direction Of Ills Genius To The Perusal Of Spenser, Whose Work; He Says, "were Wont To Lye In ...
Abraham Demoivre
Demoivre, Abraham, Wss Born At Vitry In Champagne, Ou The 26th Of /slay 1667, And Was Descended Of An Ancient And Honour Able Family Of The French Prutestant Church. The Revocation Of The Edict Of Nantes In 1685 Compelled Him To Leave His Native Country, And, Like A Great Number ...
Abraham Van Diepenbeck
Diepenbeck, Abraham Van, A Distinguished Dutch Historical Painter Of The Flemish School, Was Born At Liortogeuhosch (boisle-due) About 1607 According To Descamps, But Probably Earlier. Llo Was Already A Good Painter On Glass When Ho Entered The School Of Itubens At Antwerp, In Which Lie Was The Fellow-pupil Of Vandyek; ...
Absorbent System
Absorbent System. The Delicate Vessels Which In The Bodies Of Vertebrate Animals Are Engaged In Carrying The Food And Other Matters Into The Circulation, Have This Name. It Consists Of Two Principal Divisions, Which May Be Regarded As Two Different Sets, Given Off From A Common Stem. One Of These ...
Absorption
Absorption, One Of The First And Most Essential Of The Functions Of Animal And Vegetable Tissues. Both Animals And Plants Grow And Perform Other Vital Functions Through The Agency Of Materials Derived From Without. The Passage Of All Substances From The Exterior To The Interior Of Their Bodies Is Effected ...
Abu L Kasem Mohammed
Ha Ura L, Abu L Kasem Mohammed I Bn, A Celebrated Arabic Traveller And Geographer. The Few Particulars We Possess Coucerniug His Life Are Derived From Bia Own Work. From This We Learn That He Paid Great Atteution To The Study Of Geography From His Earliest Years, And Collected All ...
Abul Casim Mansur Firdus1
Firdus1, Abul Casim Mansur, A Celebrated Persian Poet, Was Born At The Village Of Shadab, In The District Of Tus, In Tho Province Of Khorassan. The Persian Biographers Differ Considerably In The Date Of His Birth, Some Placing It In The Beginning And Others In The Middle Of The 10th ...
Acacia
Aca'cia, The Name Of N Plant Belonging To The Order Leguminomr, Mentioned By Dioscoridea, As A Useful Astringent Thorn, Yielding A White Transparent Gum. The Account Given By This Crack Author, Meagre As It Accords So Well With The Gum-arabic Trees Of Modern Egypt, That We Can Scarcely Doubt Their ...
Acalepile
Acalepile (from Astratsse, A Nettle), Sta-.vett/es, A Class Of Marine Invertebrate Animals, Belonging To The Erulskingdom Radiates Is Now Made To Include A Large Number Of Animals, Of Which The Genus .11edasa Of Liunrcus May Be Taken As A Type. The Genus Malasa Was Placed By Limuens In The Second ...
Acami
A'cami (trophia Erepitane, Latham), An Interesting Bird, Sometimes Also Termed The Cold-breasted Trumpeter, Classed By Pallas Among. Cranes, By Brisson Among Pheasants, And Making The First Genus In Temminek's Llectorides. It Is The Size Of A Pheasant Or Large Fowl, Being 22 Inches In Length, But Appears Larger From Having ...
Acanthopii Is
Aca'nthopii Is (from Ifmasfia, A Thorn, And Gots, A Snake), In Zoology, A Genus Of Venomous Serpents, Allied To The Vipers, But Dis Tinguished By Having A Single Series Of Plates Beneath The Tail, Except Towards The Very Extremity, Where They Are, In Some Cases, Separated Into Two Small Rows. ...
Acanthopterygh
Acanthoptery'gh (from 4xasea, A Thorn, And Irrip4, A Wing), In Zoology, One Of The Three Primary Divisions, Or Natural Orders, Of Fishes. The Fishes Are Divided Into Three Orders—the Otondropterygii (from R6v3por, Cartilage, And 7tt 11)4, A Wing Or Fin), Or Cartilaginous Fishes, Without A Solid Bony Skeleton; Acaathopterygii Fishes ...
Acanthus
Acanthus. Under This Classical Name Have Been Described, By Ancient Authors, At Least Three Totally Different Plants. Firstly, A Prickly Tree With Smooth Evergreen Leaves, And Small Round Saffron Coloured Berries, Frequently Alluded To By Virgil ; This Is Conjectured To Have Been The Holly. Secondly, A Prickly Egyptian Tree, ...
Acanus
.a'canus, A Fossil Genus Of Fishes, From Clarks. (agarsiz.) Aca'illate, A Division Of A Rad Ida [a Rachn I Na], Which Compre Hends The Small Spider-like Animals Popularly Termed Mites (acart), As Well As Water-mites And Ticks. Solna Of These Are Wanderers Coi Land Or In Water ; Others Are ...
Acceleration
Acceleration Is The Increase Of Velocity ; And In The Article Cited Uniform Acceleration Has Been Considered, And Its Laws Deduced, If Not With The Forms, Yet On The Principles, Of The Differential Calculus. Precisely The Same Difficulties Come Before Us In The Development Of The Measure Of Acceleration As ...
Acer
Acer, A Name Given By The Romans To A Tree Called Maple By The English. It Is Now Applied To A Genus Of Arborescent Or Shrubby Plants, Many Of Which Are Extremely Valuable For The Sake Either Of Their Timber Or Of Their Ornamental Appearance. It Is The Type Of ...
Achirus
Achi'rus, A Genus Of Flatfish, Belonging To The Sub-branehiate Division Of Matacopterygii. In External Form These Fishes Resemble The Common Sole. Like The Pleuronectes In General, They Have The Body And Tail Very Much Compressed, And The Eyes Both On The Same Side Of The Head ; But They Are ...
Aciiita
Aciiita (from Turprros, Indistinct), A Division The Elms Radiate', Adopted By Owen, And Applied To The A Calipha., The N(' Except The Bryo , The And Certain Forms Of Entoroa, In None Of Which Are The Indications Of A Nervous System Decided, And They Constitute The Lowest Forma Of The ...
Acontias
Aco'ntias (from 6smr, A Javelin), The Name Of A Of Serpents Established By Cuvier, For The Purpose Of Certain Species Hitherto Placed With The Or Common Snake. This Is Characterised By The Absence Of All The Bones Which Represent The Extremities In The While It Retains The Structure Of The ...
Acrogens
Acrogens (from &spar, The Topmost, And -revvrixo, To Produce), In Botany, One Of The Primary Classes Of The Vegetable Kingdom, According To The Natural System. This Class, With Identical Limits, Is Also Known By The Following Designations :— A Cotyledons (jussicu), So Named From The Fact Of The Absence Of ...
Actinfah2e
Actinfah2e, A Family Of Heliantboid Polypes, Having For Its Type The Old Genus A Ctinia, The Sea Anemonies. It Has The Following Characters. Animal Single, Fleshy, Elongate Or Conical, Capable Of Extending Or Contracting Itself, Fixed By Its Base, But With The Power Of Locomotion ; Mouth In The Middle ...
Adam Clarke
Clarke, Adam, Lld., One Of The Most Esteemed Of The Early Ministers Among The Wesleyan Methodists, Was Born In 1762. His Parents Resided In The North Of Ireland. They Appear To Have Been Persons Of Respectable Character ; And By His Mother, Who Was A Native Of Scotland, He Appears ...
Adam Ferguson
Ferguson, Adam, Born In 1724, Was The Son Of A Parish Minister In Perthshire. He Studied At St. Andrews And At Edinburgh, With A View To The Christian Ministry. On Being Ordained, He Was Appointed Chaplain To The 42nd, A Highland Regiment, In Which He Remained Till 1757, When He ...
Adam Krafft
Krafft, Adam, A Celebrated Sculptor And Architect Of Ntirnberg, Where He Was Born About 1435; He Married In 1470. There Are Reve Rs] Of His Performances Still Extant In The City And Churches Of Nurn• Berg, But The Principal Ls The Remarkable Tabernacle In Stone, Fixed Against One Of The ...
Adamantine Spar
Adamantine Spar, A Simple Mineral, More Commonly Deno Minated Corundum By Mineralogists, The Name Given To It In India, From Which Country It Was First Brought To Europe. First Specimens Of It Were Sent By Dr. Anderson, Of Madras, To Mr. Berry, A Lapidary In Edinburgh, As The Substance Used ...
Adansonia
Adansonia, So Called Iu Honour Of Michael Adanson, The French Naturalist, Is An Extraordinary Tree Found In Africa Within The Tropics, Particularly In Senegal, Where It Is Called Baobab. The Celebrated Traveller Humboldt Considers It As The 'oldest Organic Monument Of Our Planet,' In Consequence Of The Calculations Of Adanson ...
Adapts
Adapts, In Zoology, The Name Of A Genii, Of Fossil I'aehydermatous (thick-skinned) Mammals, Described By M. Curler, In His Great Work ' Stir Les Ossomens Fossiles,' Vol Iii P. 265. The Word Is Found In Gamer, As A Synonyine Of The Cowman Rabbit (not, As Stated In The Reference To ...
Adeimantos Koray
Koray, Adeimantos, Born At Smyrna In 1748, Of A Family From Chios, Studied First At Smyrna, And Afterwards At Montpellier, Where He Took His Degree As Doctor Of Mediciue, And Settled In France. He Wroto Several Works On Medicine, And Published French Translations Of The Treatise Of Hippocrates On Air, ...
Adhesion
Adhesion, In Botany, Is Applied To The Union Of Parts Which Are Separate In Other Plants, Or In Younger States Of The Same Plant. Many Of The Characters Which Cause The Diversity Of Appearance In The Vegetable Kingdom Originate In The Adhesion Of N Few Very Simple Organs ; And ...
Adiantum
Adiantum (astavrov), A Genus Of Ferns, So Called By The Greeks Because The Leaves Are Of Such A Nature That Water Will Not Readily Moisten Them. The Plant Described By Hippocrates And His Successors Under This Name Appears To Have Been The A. Capillus Veneris, Or The Maiden-hair Fern—a Rare ...
Adipose Tissue
Adipose Tissue Is Usually Associated With Areolar Tissue [areolar Tissue], The Two Being Generally Known Collectively As Cellular Tissue. It Must Be Distinguished From Fat [fat], Adipose Tissue Being A Membrane Of Extreme Tenuity In The Form Of Closed Cells Or Vesicles, While Fat Is The Material Contained Within Them. ...
Admiral Sir John Thomas
Duckworth, Admiral Sir John Thomas, Bart., G.c.b., Was A Son Of The Rev. H. Duckworth, Rector Of Fulmer, Bucks, And Was Born In February 1748. His Family Was Anciently Settled In Devonshire. He Was Sent To Eton At An Early Age, And Entered The Navy In 1759 Under Admiral Boscawcn, ...
Adolph Iiasse
Iiasse, Adolph, A Composer Of Great Celebrity During The Early Part And Middle Of The Last Century, Was Born At Bergednrf, Near Hamburg, In 1705. Wbeu Very Young, Ho Distinguished Himself As A Superior Tenor Singer, But Soon Left Germany For Italy, And Became First The Disciple Of Porpora, Then ...
Adon1ram Judson
Judson, Adon1ram, Founder Of The American Baptist Mission In Birma, Was Born August 9, 1788, At Malden, Massachusetts, Where His Father Was A Congregationalist Minister. Having Passed Through The Classes Of Brown University, Where Ho Took Honours, He Entered The Andover Theological Seminary ; And Whilst There, A Sermon By ...
Adonis
Ado'nis, A Genus Of Plants Belonging To The Natural Order Ranun• Culaceer, And Containing Many Species Of Very Great Beauty. The Name Is Merely Poetical. Adonis Is Distinguished From Ranunculus By The Want Of A Little Scale At The Base Of The Petals, And From Other Genera Of The Order ...
Adrien Marie Legendre
Legendre, Adrien-marie, An Analyst, Whose Name Must Follow Those Of Lagrange And Laplace In The Enumeration Of The Power Ful School Which Existed In France At The Time Of The Revolution, Was Born At Paris In 1753, End Died There January 10, 1833. Of His Personal Life We Can Only ...
Aerolites
Aerolites, Called Also Meteoric Stones, Are Bodies Which Have Fallen On The Earth From The Atmosphere, And Are Named From (da Atmosphere, And Meer, A Stone. We Possess Historical Records From Very Remote Antiquity, And Numerous Writers In All Ages Have Mentioned Instances Of The Remarkable Phenomenon Of Stony Bodies ...
Aethophyllum
Aethophy'llum, A Fossil Genre; Of Plants From The Limper Sandstone. (brongniart.) Tethu'sa Is A Genus Of Plants Belonging To The Natural Order Umbelliferer, Which Includes Among Its Species Ono Of Tho Mold. Poisonous Plants Known In Europe. Zethusa Cynapiam Is A Little Annual Plant, Found Commonly In Gar Dens And ...
Agama
A'gama, In Zoology, A Genus Of Reptiles Belonging To The Order Saurians, And Family Iguanians, Of Baron Cuvicr. In The Form Of Their Heads And Teeth The Species Of Agama Resemble The Common Lizards, But Differ Is The Imbricated Scales Which Cover Their Tails. These Animals Have The Body Thick, ...
Agape
Aga'p'e, A Genus Of Plants Belonging To The Natural Order, Amaryllidaceee. The Species Are Known By The Immune Of American Aloes, And Produce Clusters Of Long Stiff Fleshy Leaves, Collected In A Circle At The Top Of A Very Short Stem, And Bearing Flowers In A Long Terminal Woody Nape. ...
Agate
A'gate, An Ornamental Stone Used In Jewellery, And For Some Purposes In The Arts : It Is Sometimes Called Scotch Pebble. The Name Is Derived From The Greek Axdrer, A Stone Described By Theophraatus, And Which, He Says, Came From The River Achates, In Sicily, Now The Drillo, In The ...
Agaticus
Agaticus Is The Generic Name By Which All The Species Of Mushrooms Properly So Called Are Collectively Known. It Com Prehends Such Plants Of The Fungus Tribe, As Have A Alp (or ;dices) Of A Fleshy Nature, Supported Upon A Distinct Stalk, And A Number Of Parallel Unequal Vertical Plates ...
Age Of Trees
Age Of Trees. Plants, Like Animals, Are Subject To The Lava Of Mortality, And Seem Mostly To Have A Limited Period For Their Existence. It Is Chiefly To Annual And Biennial Plants That What May Be Called A Precise Period Of Duration Is Fixed ; A Period Determined By The ...
Agnolo Firenzuola
Firenzuo'la, A'gnolo, Was Born September 28, 1493, In The City Of Firenze (florence). He Was Christened Michelagnolo Girolamo, But His Name Was Afterwards Contracted To Agnolo. The Family Name Was Taken From The Small Town Of Fireuzuola, In Tuscany, Between Florence And Bologna, In A Valley Among The Apennines, Near ...
Agouti
Agouti (datyproeta, Illiger; Ch/cremes, F. Clivier), In Zoology, A Genus Of Animals Belonging To The Clams Man/ma/in And Order Rodentia. The Most Prominent Zoological Characters Of The Agoutis Are Found In The Nature And Conformation Of The Feet And Toes. The Toes Are Provided With Large Powerful Claws, And Yet ...
Agricultural Markets
Markets, Agricultural. The More Numerous Markets Are In Any Well Cultivated Country, Provided They Are At A Sufficient Distance Not To Interfere With Each Other, And On Different Days Of The Week, The Greater Saving There Is Of Time And Labour Of Conveyance. Good Roads Or Navigable Rivers Are Of ...
Aiohawks North Auerican
Aiohawks. [north Auerican Lentans.] Moidofne. [aloem] Mow, A French Word, Having The Meaning Of Clouded, Mottled, Or Watered, Is Applied As A Name To Two Different Kinds Of Effects Produced In Manufactures : The One On Metals, The Other On Textile Goods. The Moire Metal/nee, First Introduced By The French, ...
Air Ladder
Air- Ladder, • Peculiar Organ With Which The Great Majority Of Fishes Are Provided, And By Which They Arc Enabled To Adapt The Specific Gravity Of Their Belies To The Various Pressures Of The Super Incumbent Water At Different Depths. It Is Composed Of A Lengthened Sac, Sometimes Simple, As ...
Air Plants
Air-plants Are So Called Because They Possess The Power Of Living For A Considerable Time Suspended In The Air. It Is However A Mistake To Suppose That There Plants Are Naturally Suspended Freely In The Air, And That Such A Situation Is That In Which They Will Thrive; They Will ...
Aires
Aires, In Botany (the Fir), Ft Genus Of Trees Of The Coniferous Tribe, Well-known For The Valuable Timber Which Is Produced By Ninny Of The Species. It Was Formerly Considered A Part Of The Genus Pinta; But Modern Botanists Have Made It A Distinct Genus. The English Appel Lation Is ...
Aisendesia
Ai'sende'sia (lem.), A Gentle Of Fora Pot Ypia Ria, From The Great Oolito Near Bath. Apteityx, A Genus Of Struthione Birds, Inhabiting Australia And The Islands Of New Zealand. It Was First Described By Dr. Shaw, Who Regarded It As An Extinct Form Of Bird. It Evidently Believe To A ...
Alabaster
Alabaster, A White Stone Used For Ornamental Purposes. The Name Is Derived From Alabastron, A Town Of Egypt, Where There Appears To Have Been A Manufactory Of Small Vessels Or Pots, Made Of A Stone Found In The Mountains Near The Town. These Vessels Were Employed For Containing Certain Kinds ...
Alaudina
Alaudina.., A Sub-family Of Birds Belonging To The Order Passerincr, And The Family Conerostres, Is Thus Characterised By Mr. Swainson :— Bill More Lengthened Than In Any Of The ; The Tip Entire Or Obsoletely Notched. Tertial Quills Considerably Lengthened, Pointed, And Generally As Long As The Quills. Claws Very ...
Albatross
Albatross (diomedea), A Genus Of Web-footed Birds, Comprising Three Speeies—the Albatross Of China (d. Fuliginosa, Latham); The Yellow- And Blaek-beaked Albatross (d. Chlororynchos, Latham) ; And The Common Albatross (d. Exulans, Linnaeus.) The Genus Is Princi Pally Distinguished By The Following Characters :—‘-a Very Strong, Hard, Long Beak, Which Is ...
Albert Dies
Dies, Albert, A Landscepo-psiuter And Engraver, Was Born At Hanover In 1755. Lie Learnt The First Drudgery Of Painting Under An Obscure Artist Of Hanover, With Whom He Spent Three Years; At The Expiration Of This Period Lie Visited Diisselderf For A Year, Whence He Went To Rome In 1775, ...
Albert Kolliker
*kolliker, Albert, A Distinguished Living Physiologist, More Especially Known For His Researches With The Microscope. He Was Born In Germany, And Is At Present Professor Of Anatomy And Physiology In The University Of 1vurzberg. Kolliker Is One Of The Younger Phy Siologists Who Has Commenced His Career Since The More ...
Albert Von Haller
Haller, Albert Von, Was Born At Berne, October 16th 1708, Of An Ancient And Respectable Family. His Father, Nicholas Emmanuel Von Haller, Who Was An Advocate And Had The Reputation Of Being An Able Lawyer, Died In 1721; But Even At That Time He Could Foresee The Distinction Which Hie ...
Alberto Lista V Aragon
Lista V Aragon, Alberto, An Eminent Spanish Mathema Tician, Poet, And Critic, Wee Born At Triana, A Suburb Of Seville, In 1775, On The 15th Of October, The Day Which As He Delighted To Remember Was Also The Birthday Of His Favourite Poet Virgil. His Parents Were Iu Humble Circumstances, ...
A Ntunio Allegri Correggio
Corre'ggio, A Ntu'nio Alle'gri, Or, As He Has Been Known To Write It, Lie'to, One Of The First Of Painters, Surnamed Cor Reggio From The Place Of His Birth, A Small Town In The Duchy Of Modena, Was Born Towards The End Of The Year 1493, Or Early In 1494. ...