[1907-1809.] Muataphs IV., son of 'Abdfi-I-Hamid I., succeeding, im mediately abolished the reforms of his predecessor. The Turkish fleet was entirely defeated by the Russians off Lemnos, and terror spread over Constantinople. Mustapha Bairsktar, pasha 'of Itustechuk, appeared suddenly with an army before tho capital, and demanded the deposi tion of Muataphs. The murder of Selim, by order of Mustapha IV., was the first consequence of this bold step; but the pasha entered Constan tinople, and Muatapha was deposed.
[1808-1910J Maimed IL, the son of 'Abrifi-1-11amid L, and the brother of Mustapha IV., was instructed for sometime before his acces sion by the deposed Sultan Sam Ill., in the principles of reform necessary for Turkey. He was indebted for his accession to Mustapha Bairaktar, who, after having been appointed grand-vizir, re-established the Nizam Jedid. The Janissaries again revolted, and they etonned the seraglio and the barracks of the new troops To save the empire, Mustapha Balraktar put to death the deposed Sultan, Mustapha IV., and thou blew himself up, together with crowds of the Jauisearies. Mahmud owed his life to the circumetanco of his being the only adult descendant of Osman; and to secure himself on his throne, he put to death the infant son of Muetapha IV., and ordered four pregnant slaves of the deposed Sultan to be drowned in the Bosporus. Compelled to yield to the claims of the Janissaries, he abolished the Khans Jedid. He concluded peace with England in 1809, and continued the war against the Russians, who were forced to retire beyond the Danube. Internal troubles divided the forces of the Sultan.
Tho Servians however, commanded by Czerny George, and supported by Russia, shook off the Turkish yoke ; the pashas of Widdin, of Damascus, of St. Jean d'Acre, of Trebizond, of /Web, of Baghdad, of Latakia, and several others, were in revolt; 'Ali, pasha of Janina, was independent in Epirus, and aimed at the possession of Greece ; and Mehemet Ali in Egypt was layiug the foundation of a hereditary and all but independent power. Under these circumstances the Sultan concluded with Russia the peace of Bukarest (1812), by which the I'orte ceded the country east of the Pruth, Bessarabia, with the princi pal mouth of the Danube, and part of the eyelet of Chilrlir in tho Caucasus. During the ensuing years the Sultan effected several radical reforms, which have rendered his name fatuous in Europe.
The destruction of the power of 'Ali, pasha of Janina, was a great triumph, but the insurrection of the Greeks and their final deliverance was a fatal blow to Turkey. Several European powers took the Greeks under their protection. The Turkish navy was destroyed in the battle of Navarino, October 20, 1827, by the combined fleets of Euglaud, France, and Russia; and Greece was erected into nu independent
. — kingdom under King Otho, a prince of the house of Bavaria. Subse quently to 1822 (when to quell a turbulent revolt he sacrificed his faeosinte wife sod several of his best officers), Mahmud succeeded in destroying the JanIsearics, and with the downfal of this military body, which was once the bulwark of the empire, begins a new ern in the history of Turkey. Serious differences with Russia on account of Moldavia and Wallachia were settled by the treaty of Ak-kermAn in 1826 ; but Mahmud, having shortly afterwards succeeded in finishing the reform of his army, declined European intervention in the affairs of Greece, which was then still in insurrection. Thus war broke out with Russia in 1829. In the second campaign, field-marshal 1)iebitsch defeated the main army of the Turks at Shumla, and took Adrianople. At the same time field-marshal Paskiewies conquered Erz-rum m Asia. Dfahinnd concluded the peace of Adrianople (1829), by which Russia acquired pparse of the eyelets of Childir and Kara towards the Caucasus, and the fortress of Anapa near the mouth of the Kuban ; and the Sultan recognised the independence of Greece; Moldavia and Wallachia acquired an independent administration, guaranteed by Russia; Servia was recognised as a vassal state of the Porte ; the Sultan had to pay I tan millions of ducats ; and the Russians acquired the right of occupy ing Molder's, Wallachia, and the town of Silietria, until the payment of this sum. In 1831 the Sultan attacked Mehemet Ali, pasha of Egypt (who was aiming at establishing his independence of the Porte) i in Syria, but his ensues were defeated; and in the following year Drains-Puha advanced as far as Kutayah, about 130 miles distant from Constantinople. l'eace was concluded in 1833, at Kooiah, by which Mehemet Ali, who had held the eyelet of Candia since the war against the Greeks, acquired all Syria, and Ibrithim.Paaha was invested with Added as Mutuellim. In this war Constantinople was saved by the intervention of the emperor Nicholas of Russia, and a Russian army was transported by sea to Asia Minor to stop the progress of the victorious Ibrdhim. A consequence of this assistance was the treaty of Unkiar Skelcssi (1833), by which the Porte engaged herself not to allow the passage of the Dardanelles to any enemy of Russia. In 1535 a Turkish fleet took possession of Tripoli, which thus again became dependent on Turkey. Mahmud IL was next engaged in a new war with Mehemet Ali • his armies were totally defeated at the battle of Nezib by Ihrfillim Pasha, June 24th, 1839. Mahmud 11. died on the let of July following.