Ci1r Gottlob Heyne
Heyne, Ci1r. Gottlob, Born At Chemnitz In Saxony In 1729, Studied At Leipzig, And Distioguished Himself Early As A Classical Scholar. The Chair Of Eloquence And Poetry In The University Of Gottingen Haviug Become Vacant By The Death Of J. M. Conner, Heyne Was Appointed To It Iu 1763. From ...
Ciconia
Ciconia (brisson). A Genus Of Birds Belonging To The Family Ardcidtr, And Including The Species Popularly Called Storks. The Genus Has The Following Charactere:—bill Long, Straight, Aubcylindri Cal, In Form Of An Elongated Cone, Pointed, Trenchant, Butt (nrate) Rounded, Of Equal Height With The Head ; Lower Mandible A Little ...
Ciiamedorea
Ciiam:edo'rea, A Genus Of Palms. Also Called Nunnrharia And Nelnrie. They Are Small Reed-like Plants, With Ringed Shoots. Their Leaves Are Either Cleft Or Pinnated. The Inflorescence Is Beadle Within The Sheaths Of The Leaves, And Branched In An Irregular Manner ; The Spathes Are Membranous. The Flowers Are Yellow ...
Ciiarles 1ventwo11th Dilke
*dilke, Ciiarles 1ventwo11th, Who Has Been Intimately Associated With The Literature Of His Time, Was Born On The 8th Of December 1789. In Early Life He Entered The Navy Pay Office As A Clerk; And While There Became A Contributor To Several Of The Reviews And Magazines. A Valuable Collection ...
Ciiasmodia
Ciiasmo'dia, A Genus Of Coleopteroua Insects Of The Section Lamellicorna (scaraba-us, Linn.), And Sub-section Aylophili (latreille). The Species Have The Following Characters :—body Rather Convex And Broad ; Acutellum Large, Somewhat Triangular, Equalling In Length At Least One-third, Of That Of The Elytra; The Mesosterninn Is Prolonged Into A Blunt ...
Ciieiroptera
Ciieiroptera (vie, Is Hand, Trtpor, • Wing), The Name Of A Natural Family Or Division Of Mammiferous Animals; The Lints Or Flitter-mice Of The English ; Fledermituser Of The Germans; Reaper :wows Of The Latins; Pipistrelli And Nottoli Of The Italians ; Chance Souris Of The French. The Animals Belonging ...
Ciiprotes
Ciiprotes, A Genus Of Saurian'' Separated By Cuvier, And, Accord Ing To Him, Resembling The Chaleida In Their Vertieillated Scales, And The Amp/ask-7ex Still More In The Obtuse Form Of Their Head; But Distinguished From The First By Their Want Of Posterior Feet, And From The Last By Their Possession ...
Ciirysobalanatee
Ciirysobalanate.e, Chrysobalans, A Natural Order Of Poly Petalous Exogenous Plants, Allied To Rotator And Fabacea. (1,cumxii. Twat), From Which It Differs In The Style Proceeding From The Buss Of The Ovary, And In Its Stamen*, Being Very Irregular, Often Placed Only On One Side Of The Ovary. They Are Trees ...
Cilia
Cilia, In Anatomy, Small Moving Organs Found On The Surface Of The Tissues Of Most Animals, Resembling Hairs, And Requiring The Use Of The Microscope To Be Distinctly Observed. They Are Mostly Found On Tissues Which Are In Contact With Water, Or Which Produce Fluid Secretions. They Are Constantly In ...
Cimon
Cimon (kips"), The Name Of Two Athenians, One The Father (herod. Vi. 34) And The Other The Son Of Miltiades. The Memory Of The Elder Cimon Lasts Almost Entirely On The Fame Of His Son; Scarcely Anything Is Known Of Him Except That Be Was Remarkably Stupid. Cimon, The Son ...
Cinchona
Cinchona, A Genus Of Monopetalous Exogenous Plants, The Dif Ferent Species Of Which Have A Great Reputation In Medicine. It Consti Tutes The Type Of The Natural Order Cuschonacem. It Is Known By The Following Characters :—tube Of The Calyx Top-shaped, With A Per Manent 5-cleft Limb. Corolla With A ...
Cinchonacee
Cinchona'ce.e, Cinchonads, The Cinchona-tribe, A Natural Order Of Monopetalous Exogenous Plants, With An Inferior Fruit, A Regular Corolla, Seeds Containing A Small Embryo In The Midst Of Horny Albumen, And Opposite Undivided Leaves With Stipules Placed Between Their Petioles. This Brief Character Distinguishes A Most Extensive And Important Assemblage Of ...
Cincinnatus
Cincinna'tus, A Celebrated Boman Consul. Little Is Known Of Pim Previous To The Difficulties Of His Son Ciao, Who, For Opposing He Tribunes In The Performance Of Their Functions, And For Ill-treating In Old Ex-tribune, Was To Be Tried By The Lciliau Law. Sureties How Seer Were Bound For His ...
Cincius L Cincius Alimentus
Cincius. L. Cincius Alimentus, And His Contemporary Fabius Pieter, Are Mentioned By Dionysine Of Lialicarnassue ('ltoman Antiq.' L, C. 6, Od. Hudson), As The Oldest Of The Roman Annalists. Ali Mentus Is Also Frequently Mentioned By Livy (lei 38, Xxvi. 23, &c.) The Time Of The Birth And Death Of ...
Cionus
Ci'onus, A Genus Of Coleopterus Insects Of The Section Rhynco Phora And Family Curculionay. Schiinherr (in His Synouymia Inseetorum ') Links The Present Genus With The Genera Gynnuctron, M Ccin Us, And Nanodes, Under The Head Cionides, Which May Be Considered As A Sub-family. We Shall Therefore Briefly State The ...
Cistelides
Ciste'lides, A Family Of Coleopterous Insects Of The Section Heterontera And Sub-section Stenelytra. The Species Have The Fol Lowing Characters :—claws Of The Tarsi Pectinated Beneath ; Antenna) With The Basal Joint Free, That Is, Not Covered By A Projecting Portion Of The Head ; Mandibles With The Apex Entire. ...
Citrus
Citrus, A Genus Of Plants Belonging To The Natural Order Cistacem. The Calyx Is Composed Of 5 Nearly Equal Sepals In A Double Row; Corolla Of 5 Equal Petals, Somewhat Cuneated, Caducous ; The Stamens Numerous; • Style Flhiform; Stigma Capitate ; The Capsule Superior, 5- Or 10-celled, Loculicidal ; ...
Citrus
Citrus, A Genus Of Aurantiaceous Plants, One Of Whose Species Yields The Orange, Another The Lemon, And Others The Citron, Shad Dock, Limo, And Similar Fruits. Among The Other Genera Of The Natural Order To Which It Belongs, It Is Known By Its Stamens Being Numerous And Irregularly Combined Into ...
Civrolus Clusius
Clu'sius, Civrolus, Or De Le Cluse, Charles, Was Born At Antwerp On The 18th Of February 1526. He Commenced His Edu Cation At Ghent, And From Thence Was Removed To Louvain With The Object Of Studying The Law. But In About Two Years He Went To Marlurg, Where, Disgusted With ...
Cladonia
Clado'nia, A Genus Of Planta Belonging To Tho Natural Oral Licheues. It Has A Thalins Somewhat Shrubby, Branched, Rarely Sitnple, May, With Scales, Which Are Often Evanescent ; Branches Cartilaginous. Rigid, Fiatuloee, All Attenuated And Subulate, Divided, Fertile, Generally I)erforated In The Axils. Shields Sessile, Orbicular, Convex, Capituli Rorm, Not ...
Claire Clairon
Clairon, Claire Josiii'lle Leven De La Tude, A Cele Brated French Actress, Whose Name Frequently Occurs Iu The Literary Memoirs And Correspondouce Of Her Day, Wail Born Near Condit, Iu French Flanders, In 1723. She Made Her Early Appearances In The Flemish Theatres And Those Of The Neighbouring Provinces Of ...
Clatpdius Galenus
Gale'nus, Clatpdius, One Of The Moot Celebrated And Valuable Of The Ancient Medical Writers, Was Born At Perg,iiidudi, A.d. 131. The Exact Time Of His Death Is Not Known, But As He Epeake Of Perth= And Severna As Emperors, We May Conclude That Strides (v. Casopeis) Is Not Far From ...
Claude
Claude. Claude Gellde, Called Claude Lorraine, Was Born At Champagne In Lorraine In 1600. His Parents Were Very Poor, And It Is Said By Sandrart, Who Was Later In Life The Intimate Associate Of Claude, And His Instructor In The Practice Of Painting From Nature, That Be Was Originally Apprenticed ...
Claude Adrien Helvetius
Helve'tius, Claude-adrien, Was Born At Paris In January 1715, And Was Educated At The Jesuits' College Of Louis-le-grand, Where His Earlier Years Were Far From Betokening Those Talents Of Shrewdness And Observation Which His Writings Subsequently Exhibited. Having Passed Through A Course Of Legal Study, Helvetius Was Went To His ...
Claude Chappe
Chappe, Claude, A French Mechanician, Who, Though Not The Original Inventor Of A Machine For Transmitting Intelligence With Rapidity Between Places Very Distant From Each Other, Must Be Con Sidered As Having Devised The Means Of Rendering Such A Machine Available For That Purpose. He Was A Nephew Of The ...
Claude Dechales
Dechales, Claude Francois Milliet, Was Born At Chambery, The Capital Of Savoy, In 1611. Ile Wrote Largely On Several Branches Of Mathematical, Mechanical, And Astronomical Science; But The Only Work By Which He Is Generally Known Is His Edition Of Euclid, Which Was Long A Favourite Text-book In France And ...
Claude Fleury
Fleury, Claude, Abbe, Was Born At Paris In 1640, And Died In 1723, Aged Eighty-three Pare. All The Contemporary Writers Coincide In The Opinion That Fleury Possessed All The Virtues And Qualities Requisite To Constitute A Scholar, En Honest Man, And A Christian. Having Completed In A Brilliant Manner His ...
Claude Forbin
Forbin, Claude, One Of The Most Distinguished Naval Officers That France Has Ever Produced, Was Born In Provence In 1656, And Died In 1734. It Is Unnecessary To Enumerate His Various Exploits Against The English, Dutch, Venetians, And The Barbary Powers, But We Cannot Omit A Remarkable Circumstance In His ...
Claude Joseph Dorat
Dorat, Claude Joseph, Was Born At Paris, December 31,1734. He Was Educated For The Bar, But Having Is Considerable Fortune, Ho Devoted Himself Entirely To Poetry, And Produced A Number Of Tragedies, Which, Though Some Were Successful, Drew On Him Torrents Of Ridicule From Contemporary Wits. Ile Seems However To ...
Claude Nicolas Ledoux
Ledoux, Claude-nicolas, Was Born At Dormans, In The Department Of The Marne, In 1736. He Quitted The College Of Beauvais At The Age Of Fifteen, And Went To Paris, Where He At First Gained His Livelihood By Engraving ; But An Irresistible Inclination Led Him To The Study Of Architecture, ...
Claude Prosper Jolyot De
Crebillox, Claude Prosper Jolyot De, Aon Of The Pre Ceding, Was Born At Pada In 1707. He Wrote A Numb Er Of Romances, Which Acquired A Great Popularity, Owing, As Some Say, More To Their Extreme Licentiouanesa Than To Any Intrinsic Merit. His Strict Moral Character Is Always Brought Forward ...
Claudio Coello
Coello, Claudio, A Celebrated Spanish Painter, Born At Medd( In The Earlier Half Of The 17th Century. His Father Faustino Cecile Who Was A Portuguese Bronze-worker, Wished To Bring Up His Son Ti His Own Business, And Him With Francisco Rid To Learn To Draw Mei However, Who Soon Perceived ...
Claudius Claudianus
Claudia'nus, Clau'dius, Was Born At Alexandria In Egypt, A.d. 365. Though Of A Family Originally Roman, His Education Was Greek ; And He Appears To Have Written First In The Greek Language. Ifis Work On The 'antiquities Of Tarsus' Is Loot. Llis First Latin Verses Were Written During The Consulship ...
Claudius Nero
Cla'udius Nero, The Son Of Drusus Nero, The Brother Of Tiberius, And Of Antonia Minor, The Daughter Of M. Antonius The Triumvir, By Octavia, The Sister Of Augustus, Was Born At Lyon P.c. 10. [auoustus.] In His Youth He Was Aickly, Weak, And Timid, Which Made His Mother Say That ...
Claudius Nero Drusus
Drusus, Clau'dius Nero, Son Of Tiberius Claudius Nero And Of Livia, Was Born In The Year Roc. 38, Three Months After His Mother's Marriage With Augustus. He Served Early In The Army, And Was Sent In Mc. 17, With His Brother Tiberius, Against The Rhieti And Vindelici, Who Had Made ...
Clavagella
Clavagella, A Genus Of Teataceous Acephalous Established By Lamarck In The Fifth Volume Of The Histoire Naturelle Des Animaux Sans Vertebres,' Published In 1818, And Arranged By Him Under His Tubicoldes, Between Aspergillum And Fist Ulana. He Described Four Species, All Fossil, Referring At The Same Time To The Annales ...
Clavelinidx
Clavelinidx, A Family Of Tunicated Ifollusca, Including The British Genera Clavelina And Perophora. This Family May Be Regarded As Uniting Together The Compound And Simple Ascidians. Till Very Recently It Was Supposed That The Animals Forming This Family Belonged To The Latter. Milne-edwards First Pointed Out That The Animals Which ...
Clay
Clay, Any Natural Mixture Of Earths Which Breaks Down Or Disin Tegrates In Water, And Affords A Plastic Ductile Mixture. It Depends Upon This Property, Rather Than Colour Or Composition, Whether An Earthy Body Belongs To The Class Of Clays. There Are Many Varieties Of Clay Used For Different Purposes. ...
Cleantiifs
Cleantiif.s (kanisees) Was The Successor Of Zeno Of Citium In The Stole School, And Was Himself Succeeded By His Pupil Chrysippns. As Zeno Died In Le. 263 Or 259, The Period Of Cleanthes Is Approxi Matively Determined By That Fact. [zee° Of Citinrn.] Cleanthea Was A Native Of Arius In ...
Cleidotilerus
Cleidotilerus, A Genus Of Acephalons Nollusea (conchifera Of Lamarck), Established By 31r. Samuel Stutehbury For A Testae-eons Animal, The Mechanism Of Whose Bingo Connecting The Two Valves Differs Most Materially From That Exhibited By Other Bivalves. Shell Bivalve, Somewhat Pearly, Inequivalve, Involute, Attached By The Outside Of The Larger Valve. ...
Cleisthenes
Clei'sthenes, An Athenian, One Of The Family Of The Aleinieo Nidm, Was Grandson Of Cleiethenes, The Tyrant Of Sicyon. After The Expulsion Of The Pisistratidie (rte. 510) Lie Changed His Line Of Politics, And Headed The Demoeratical Party : The Opposite Faction Was Con Ducted By Isageras. Cleisthenes Soon Obtained ...
Clematis
Clematis, A Genus Of Climbing Plants Belonging To The Natural Order Ran 'mew-lame, And Characterised By Having A Valvate Coloured Calyx, Carpels In A Ripe State Terminated By Long Feathery Styles, And Opposite Leaves. The Most Common Species Is C. Ritalba, The Tra Veller's Joy, Which Runs Over The Hedges ...
Clement Xiii
Clement Xiii. (carlo Rersonico), A Native Of Veoice, Succeeded Benedict Xiv. In July 1758. Lie Was More Distinguished For His Piety And Private Virtues Than For Political Abilities Or Knowledge Of The World His Pontificate Was A Continual, But On His Part Ineffectual Struggle To Uphold The Ecclesiastical Immunities And ...
Clement Xiv
Clement Xiv. (man Vincenzo Ganganelli) Was Born At Sant' Angelo In Vedo, Near Rimini, In 1705. At An Early Age Ho Entered The Order Of Franciscans, Distinguished Himself By His Learning, Was Favourably Noticed And Employed By Benedict Xiv., And Was Made A Cardinal By Clement Xiil, Whom He Succeeded ...
Clement Xl
Clement Xl (wan Francesco Albani), Succeeded Innocent Xii. In November 1700. Ho Was Then Fifty-one Years Of Age, Bad Been Made A Cardinal By Alexander Viii., And Had A Merited Reputation For Learning And General Information. He Was One Of The Men Of Letters Who Frequented The Society Of Christina ...
Cleomedes
Cleome'des, A Greek Writer On Astronomy. There Is Some Doubt About The Age In Which He Lived ; Which Is The Same Thing, Whether The Manuscripts Remaining Which Bear Tho Name Of Cleomcdes Wero All Written By One Man, Or Two Men At Different Times. The Manu Scripts Which Remain ...
Cleomenes
Cleo'menes, The Name Of Several Kings Of Sparta. Cleomenes I., Son Of Anaxandrides (herod. V. 39), Although Not Perfectly Sane, Suc Ceeded His Father. (herod. V. 42.) He Expelled The Peisistmtidte From Athens (herod, V. 63, 64), B.c. 510, And Espoused The Cause Of Isagoras In Opposition To Cleisthenes [clerstnenes], ...
Cleon
Cleon, Of Athens, The Son Of Clemnetus, Was Originally A Tanner. Early In Life He Began To Take An Active Part In The Political Affairs Of Athens, And His Success Seems To Have Drawn Him From His Business. He Set Himself Up As The Champion Of The People, And Was ...
Cleonus
Cleo'nus, A Gehus Of Coleopterous Insects Of The Section Rhyncophora And Family Curculionithe. It Has The Following Cha Racters :—antennae Rather Short, The Scape Not Touching The Eyes; Basal Joint Of The Funiculus Nearly Obconic, And Rather Longer Than The Remaining Joints ; The Joints From The Second To The ...
Clepticus
Cle'pticus, A Genus Of Fishes, Belonging To The Section A Can Thopterygii And Family Labrider. C. Yenizara Is The Only Species, And Is From The Antilles. It Has The Following Generic Characters : Bead Obtuse; Mouth Protractile ; Teeth Minute, Barely Perceptible To The Touch ; Body Elongate, Lateral Line ...
Clion1d2e
Clio'n1d2e, The Clio Tribe, A Family Of Naked Marine Mollusea, Placed By Cuvier As The First Of His Class Pteropoda. Lamarck Also Arranges Them Under The Pteropods, Which He Makes An Order, But Gives Them A Situation Immediately After The Hyalceidce. De Blainville Unites The Pteropoda And Gastropoda Of Cuvier ...
Clodius Publius
Clo'dius Pu'blius, A Roman Patrician, The Son Of Appius, First Became Notorious By Introducing Himself In The Disguise Of A Woman Into Cmsar's House During The Celebration Of The Sacred Rites Of The Bona Dea. For This Offence He Was Tried, But By The Help Of His Hire Hogs And ...
Clodoveus Clovis
Clovis, Clodoveus, And Chlodivig In Old German, Whence Ludwig, The Latinised Form Ludovicus, And Louis Are Derived, Was Born A.d. 467. He Was The Son Of Childeric, The Grandson Of Illero Wig, Who Gave His Name To The Merovingian Dynasty. Tournay Was Then The Capital Of The Saliau Franks, Who ...
Cmesus
Cmesus, The Last Of The Mermnadre, Son Of Alyattes, Succeeded His Father Alyattea As King Of Lydia At The Age Of Thirty-five, N.e. 560. (herod., I. 7 And 26.) But Before This Time Ho Seems To Have Been Associated With His Father In The Government. (clinton, 'fast. Hel; P. 297 ...
Cnaus Marcius Coriolanus
Coriola'nus, Cna:us Ma'rcius, The Hero Of En Ancient Roman Legend, Belonging To The Latter Half Of The Third Century Of The City. Dimaysius Calls Him Camels; But Dieu And Most Of The Menu Seripta Of Livy Are In Favour Of Queue. (niebuhr, ' Hist. Of Rome,' Vol. Il P. 234, ...
Co Rca Di Iioma
Iioma, Co Rca Di, A Province Of The Papal State, In Which The City Of Rome Is Situated, And Which Is Under The Same Administrative Authorities As The Metropolis Itself. It Consists Of The Agro Romano, Or Territory Immediately Around Rome, And Of The Districts Of Tivoli, Albano, And Sublime). ...
Coal Mining
Mining, Coal. Although It Would Be Impracticable To Enter Upon The Various Modifications Of Mining Processes Which Are Required In The Working Of All Tine Varied Natural Depositaries Of Mineral Wealth, The Peculiarities Of Coal-mining Are Such As To Require A Brief Notice, Important And Extensive As Are The Coal-mines ...
Coba
Coba 2 W A= Cot P, Or Log Cot - -)=/ Cot P + 0; The Logarithm Being Naperian, And The Angles Being Arcually Measured. If T. Be The Length Of The Are Of A Degree Of Longitude At The Equator, And If We Now Use Degrees, And Extend The ...
Cocain
Cocain, Clialtlis Nicolas, Called Cochin File, A Celebrated French Designer And Etcher, The Son Of Charles Nicolas Cochin The Elder, Was Born At Paris In 1715. His Father, Likewise Au Able Engraver, Was His Instructor, Cud Cochin Early Displayed A Peculiar Aptness For Art, And General Quickness Of Ability. In ...
Coiite Alexandre Louis Joseph De Laborde
Laborde, Coiite Alexandre-louis-joseph De, Was Born On The 17th Of September 1773, At Paris. His Father, A Peasant Of Warn, Is Stated To Have Come To Paris In Sabots (wooden Shoes), And To Have Accumulated Some Property. Alexandre De Laborde Received A Good Education. His Father, Foreseeing The Dangers Of ...
Colet John
Colet. John, The Founder Of St. Paul's School, Was Born In The Parish Of St. Antholin, London, In 1466, And Was The Eldest Son Of Sir Henry Colet, Knight, Twice Lord Mayor, Who Had Besides Him Twenty. One Children. In 1453 He Was Sent To Magdalen College, Oxford, Where He ...
College Of Surgeons
Surgeons, College Of. The Present College Of Surgeons Of England Had Its Origin In The Company Of Barber-surgeons, Which Was Incorporated By Royal Charter In The First Year Of Edward Iv. By This Charter Of 1 Edward Iv., The Barbers Practising Surgery In London, Who Had Before Associated Themselves In ...
Colley Cibber
Cibber, Colley, Was Born, According To His Own Statement, On The 6th Of November, O.s., 1671, In Southampton-street, Covent Garden. In 1682 He Was Sent To The Free School At Grautham, Lin Colnshire. In 1687 He Returned To London, And In 1688 Was At His Father's Request Received As A ...
Collot
Collot D'l I E111301s, Jean Marie, Wee Born At Paris In 1750. Ile Was In His Fortieth Year At The Faking Of The Bastille (july14,1789), Having For Twenty Years Led The Life Of A Strolling Player. During This Part Of His Career He Bad Visited Geneva, Where He First Imbibed ...
Colonel Francis Chesney
" Chesney, Colonel Francis Itawdon, Was Born In 1789. He Is • Native Of Ireland. He Commenced Hie Military Education At The Royal Military Academy, Woolwich, Es A Second Lieutenant In The Royal Artillery, May 9, 1501. He Became Lieutenant. September 20, 1805. In Isos The Troops To Which His ...
Colonna
Colonna Is The Name Of One Of The Oldest And Most Illustrious Families Of Italy. About 1050 It Became Possessed Of The Feudal Estate Of La Colonise Ots The Tusculau Mount. L'ietro, Lord Of Colonise, Who Lived In The 12th Century, Ie One Of The Earliest Of The Family Recorded ...
Colouring Matters Of Madder
Madder, Colouring Matters Of. The Root Of The Madder Plant [rums, Tineterum, In Nay. Haar. Dry Is So Extensively Used Fur The Preparation Of All Shades Of Purple, Red, Brown, And Even Black Dyes, That In Importance To The Calico-printer And Others, It Is Second To No Other Dye-stuff, Except ...
Columba
Columba, Commonly Called The Apostle Of The Highlanders, Or Scoto-lrish, Is Believed To Have Been One Of The Earliest Teachers Of Christianity In Scotland, And Is Known In History As The Founder Of The Abbey And College Of Iona In The Western Isles. He Was A Native Of Ireland : ...