CAMPA'N, MADAME, was the daughter of M. Genet, an officer in the forgive department under Louis XV. She was born in October 1752. At Eileen yeare of age she was appointed reader to the prin. daughters of Louis XV. In 1770 abe married M. Campo), and was woo after appointed first lady of tile bodelininber to Marie Antoinette, then datqliews. She remained with Marie Antoinette daring her husband's reign, and was with her in the first scenes of the Revolution, up to the storming of the Tuileries on the 10th of August, when she Darrow!) escaped with her life. Being forbidden to follow bee nsietrw to her prison in the Temple, she retired into the country, sad at lad opened • boudingochool at St. Germain-en-Laye. The es!ab1sahmeut sol was patroelred by Josephine mia, who sett =ter Hortense to it. In 1800, when Napoleon founded the .atabliebment at Eeouen for the daughters and sisters of the *doers of die Legless of Honour, be appointed Madame Campan to alpinists:4 it. After the Restoration, the school of Emmen being suppressed, Madame Cunpan retired to Mantes, where she died in Man& 1821, leasing behind her a character for mild virtues and omedderalele informatics and amotoplishnieute. She has written ' Memoir's ear Is Vie priefe do Marie Antoinette, Nine de France, solvis de Souvenirs it Anecdotes Illstoriques sur les Repels do Louie XV. et Louis XVI.; translated into English in 1823. She gives • faithful and Impartial account of Marie Antoinette. Her recollec tions of the old court of Louis XV. are also curious.
CAIll'ANELLA, TOMMA'SO, born near the town of Stile iu Oilabria, in 1569, entered the Dominican order and became distill!' guiehed fur his learning. He applied himself chiefly to metaphysics, and followed his countryman Telealo, who died in 158S at Cosenza, in his opposition to what was then taught in the schools under the name of Aristotelian philosophy. Campanella published his first work at Naples, in 1591, entitled 'Philosophie Sensibna demonstrate adversua eon qui pruprio arbitratu, non autem sunset& duce nature., philosophati snot, CUM *era Defongione Bernardi TelesiL' Philosophy was at that time a very dangerous ground for discussion, as was experienced, among others, by Bruno and Vauini, both natives of the kingdom of Naples, who were burnt alive for their opinions, one at Rome and the other in Franco. Mimeo, Gtotunteo.j The schoolmen, and the monks especially, raised such a storm against Campanella that he left his native country. He was accused of sorcery, of being an adept of Raymond Lnilus, and of some caballetic Rabbins. Campanella went to Tuscany, where the grand duke Ferdinand de' Medici received him with great kindness, and offered him a professorship at Piot, which he declined ; thence Campanella proceeded to Padua, where he gave private instruction to several young patricians of Venice. About this period he wrote several works, among others a project of *Christian monarchy, with a treatise on Church government, addressed to the pope, in which be suggested how, with mere spiritual weapons, he might bring all Christians within the pale of the Church. Campanella appears in this and other of his works u an admirer of unity, both in Church and State ; he advocated a universal spiritual monarchy as well as a temporal one, both acting in unison for a common purpose. After some years, Campanella left Padua for Rome, but his papers were seized ou the road, and it seems that they found their way to the archives of the Inquisition at Rome; but the author remained unmolested for the present. From Rome, Campanella returned to his native country, where Le lived for some time at Stile, enjoying con siderable celebrity for his learning, until serious political events came to disturb the laud. A vast conspiracy is stated to have been hatched its Calabria, in which several hundred ineuks and other clergymen, some bishops, and many barons were said to be implicated, against the Spanish viceregal government, which was one of the worst in Europe. The peasantry were ripe for revolt, being ground down by taxes, and still more by the cruel manner in which they were levied. Philip II. of Spain, who had wielded so long with a strong hand the power of the Spanish crown, was dead, and his successor had not inherited his abilities or his firmness. The Count de Lemos was sent viceroy to Naples by Philip III., and a fresh tax on • (hearths),
or families, was imposed. Dissatisfaction became loud all over the country. In August 1599, two citizens of Catinzaro revealed the plan of a conspiracy, in which Campanella and his brother friar, Dionisio l'onzlo of Nieastro, were leaders. It was said that their object was to proclaim a republic, and that they relied upon the Turks for assist ance; and had carried on a correspondence with Cicala Pasha, a Turkish admiral, but himself a Calabrian renegade, who was then scouring the neighbouring sea with his squadron. Such a plan may have been cooceivod by some person; but that is man of so much Information and judgment as Campanella displays in his works, a monk, and no advocate for a universal Christian monarchy, could think of establishing a republic io Calabria by means of Turkish assistance and against the power of the Spanish monarchy, is incredi ble, and the sequel tends to disprove the charge. Campanella and Dionieio Ponxio were arrested, together with many more, and sent to Naples, where several of the conspirators, having confessed under torture, were executed. Campanella remained in a dungeon for years: he was put to the torture seven times; five times his trial was begun afresh, but he confessed nothing, or had nothing to confess, and after several years his confinement was mitigated, and he was allowed to see his friends. Charges of heresy were mixed up with political charges against him; he was even accused of being the author of the book 'De Tribus I mpostoribue; which Campanella observes, had been published thirty years before he was born. The historian Gionnone asserts that Campanella was really a leader of the groat conspiracy, which he says was concocted chiefly by monks; but Oiaunone, like most Neapolitan jurists, was prejudiced against monks and churchmen in general, and he believed the insinuation, of the viceregal lawyers. Botta, in his continuation to Guicciardini, has followed (Hannon° implicitly. A search was made a few years back in the archives of Naples for the papers relative to Camparielia's imprisonment and trial, but nothing was found. Moat of the document(' existing of the vice. regal judicial administration are of a later date than Campanella's trial; the previous records of the 16th and beginning of the 17th centuries arc missing. Antonio Serra, a Calabrian, and one of the earliest writers on political economy, was one of the iudividuals prieoned on the same occasion as Campanella, and he also was tortured and kept in prison for years. Campanella enjoyed at one time a glimpse of favour from the viceroy Duke of Ossuna, who loved to converse with him on politics; but when Oesuna was recalled and ' &nested, ou the charge of having intended to assume supreme power Naples, Campanella became the object of fresh suspicions, and hi captivity was made more rigorous. At last, in 1626, he was released from his prison at the pressing request of Pope Urban VIII., who, probably in order to obtain his release, urged that as the prisoner had been charged with heresy, and was moreover an ecclesiastic, he ought to appear before the tribunal of the Inquisition. Campanella was therefore sent to Rome, and lodged in the buildings of the Holy Office, where however be was a prisoner at large, and was treated with con siderate attention. After three years more, making in all thirty years of confinement, be was allowed his full freedom. He remained for several years at Rome, enjoying the favour of the pope, of many of the cardinals, and other distinguished persons. He published two works in favour of the Papal See and Court—'Monarchia 31essire, ubi, per philosophiam divinam et humanam demonstrantur Jura summi Pontificia super universum Orbem,' Jesi, in the Papal State, 1633 ; and Discorsi della Liberth e della Felice Suggezione allo State Eccle siastico,' Ibid. The object of the last work was to show that the people subject to the Papal See were among the happiest in Italy, I which was then perhaps true. These two works baying occasioned remonstrances and complaints on the part of the Spanish and other courts were suppressed, and copies of them are very scarce. He also wrote at Rome a Liber de Titulis,' on hierarchical precedence and titles of honour.