Martin Dobrizhoffer
Dobrizhoffer, Martin, Jeenit Missionary To The South American Indians, Was Born At Gritz, In Styria, In 1717. He Was Admitted Into The Society Of Jesus In 1736, And Ha'viog Undergoue The Regular Course Of Training And Probation, Was Sent In 1749 To The Society's Mission In Paraguay. Dobrizhoffer Dwelt Among ...
Martin Henry Klaproth
Klaproth, Martin Henry, A Distinguished Analytical Che Mist, Was Born Ativernegerode In Upper Saxony On The 1st Of December 1743. It Was His Intention To Study Theology ; But The Severe Treat Ment Which He Met With At School Disinclining Him To Study, He Preferred The Profession Of An Apothecary, ...
Martin Von Knoller
Knoller, Martin Von, A Distinguished German Painter Of The 18th Century, Was Born In The Village Of Steinach, In The Tyrol, In 1725. His Father Appears To Have Been A Poor Painter Of Some Sort, And He Intended His Eon To Follow His Own Pursuit. He Was However In Such ...
Martyrology Martyrs
Martyrs, Martyrology, From The Greek Martur Or Ailartus (stelprep Or Ayres), A Witness. By The Term Martyr We Now Generally Understand A Person Who Suffers Death Rather Than Renounce His Religious Opinions ; And Those Who Have Made A Profession Of Their Faith And Thereby Endured Sufferings Short Of Death, ...
Masi
'masi& The Principal River Of Ancient Colchis, Now Called Fa:, And Sometimes 12ioni, Rises In The Caucasus Nearly Midway Between The Kazbek And Elbruz, And Flows In A Westerly Direction Into The Black Sea. The- River Is Composed Of Three Principal Head-streams, The Ilioni Proper (ancient Ilion), Or Upper Phasis, ...
Masonry
Masonry (from The French Word Maps Eerie), Signifies The Appli Cation Of Stone To Building Purposes. It Is A Most Important Branch Of The Arts Of Construction; Because Much Both Of The Beauty And Durability Of An Edifice Depends Upon The Excellence Of The Workman Ship, And Upon The Colour ...
Masquerade
Masquerade From The Spanish Mascara, ( Which Is From The Arabic Mas-chara, A Mimic Or Sport-maker Italian Mascherata, And French Mascarade), An Amusement Introduced Into England In The 16th Century From Italy, Though The Use Of Masks For Purposes Of Satire Is Of Great Antiquity, And Was Practised By The ...
Mass
Mass. By The Mass Of A Body Is Meant The Quantity Of Matter Which It Contains, Upon The Supposition That Differences Of Weight Are Always The Consequence Of Different Quantities Of Matter. This Involves An Hypothesis; For Instance, If Gold Be, Bulk For Bulk, Nineteen Times As Heavy As Water, ...
Mastich
Mastich, Commonly But Improperly Termed Gum Mastieli, Is The Produce Of The Pistachio Indiana, Var. Chia, A Small Tree, Native Of Many Of The Shores Of The Mediterranean And Islands Of The Archipelago. In The Island Of Scio Much Attention Is Paid To The Collection Of It. About One-third Of ...
Materia Medica
Mate'ria Me'dica Is That Branch Of Medical Science Which Treats; Of The Articles Employed In The Practice Of Medicine, And Embraces An Explanation Of The Nature And Modes Of Action Of Those Substances Which Are Had Recourse To In Order To Restore The Healthy State Of The Human Frame When ...
Materialism
Materialism Is A Name Applied To Any Philosophical System Which Denies The Existence Of A Spiritual Or Immaterial Principle In Man, Called The Mind Or Boni, Distinct From Matter, Or Which (changing The Phrase) Denies The Immateriality Of The Soul. The Name Is Applied To Systems Which Differ Very Widely ...
Materials For Building
Materials For Building. In Some Of The Previous Articles Reference Has Been Made To The Conditions Which Should Regulate The Application Of Particular Building Materials [aestosrnemio Influence; Foundations; Masonry]; But The Leading Principles Connected With Their Selection, And The Mode Of Their Applications, Are Of Such Paramount Importance To All ...
Mathematics
Mathematics (aciaricris, Or Aciossa), A 'name Given In The First Instance To A Branch Of Knowledge, Not As Descriptive Of Its Subject Matter, But Of The Methods And Consequences Of Learning It. The Word Actensis, And The Latin Diseiplina By Which It Has Been Rendered, Have Been The Origin Of ...
Matica Or Matico
Matica Or Matico, Medical Properties Of. This Name Is Applied To An Astringent Plant Brought From Peru, Where It Has Long Enjoyed A High Reputation For Its Styptic Properties. Doubts Exist As To The Botanical Origin Of The Plant, Some Ascribing It To A Labiate Plant, Resembling A Phlomis, While ...
Matins
Matins (from The Italian Nsattina, Or The French Wain, Morning), Strictly The First Part In The Daily Service Of The Newish Church. Matins Or Mattins However Were Divided Into Two Parts, Which Were Originally Distinct Offices And Hours ; Namely, The Nocturn And Made Lauds. The Mourns Or Vigils Were ...
Matter
Matter Is The Name Given To Every Thing Which Is Not Mind. Such Seems To Be The Only Way Of Defining The Word ; And Though The Definition May Appear To Assume That Mind Is Not Matter, The Contrary Of Which Has Been Contended By The Class Of Writers Called ...
Matthew Flinders
Flinders, Matthew, Was Born At Donington, In Lincolnshire, About 1760. He Went Early To Sea In The Merchant Service. In 1795 He Was A Midshipman In The Royal Navy, And Went To New Holland With The Ship That Conveyed Captain Hunter, The New Governor, To Botany Bay. On Board This ...
Matthew Gregory Lewis
Lewis, Matthew Gregory, A Writer Of Novels, Poems, And Dramatic Pieces, Was Born At London On The 9th Of July 1775. His Father Was Deputy Secretary-at-war, And Was Connected With Many Families Of Rank And Wealth ; His Mother Was A Daughter Of Sir Thomas Sewell, Master Of The Mile. ...
Matthew Henry
Henry, Matthew, An Eminent Nonconformist Divine, Was Born At Broad Oak, A Farm-house In The Township Of Iscoyd Iu Fliutehire, October 18, 1662. His Father, Philip Henry, Who Was Highly Eateomed For His Talents And Piety, Was One Of The 2000 Clergymen Who Left The Church Of England In 1662, ...
Matthew Lock
Lock, Matthew, An English Composer Of Great And Deserved Celebrity, Was Born In Exeter About 1635, And, As A Chorister Of The Cathedral, Was Instructed In The Elements Of Music By Wake The Organist. He Completed His Studies Under Edward Gibbons, A Brother Of The Illustrious Orlando. The Continuator Of ...
Maundy Thursday
Maundy Thursday, The Thursday Preceding Easter, On Which The King Or Queen Distributes Alms To A Certain Number Of Poor Persons At Whitehall ; So Named From The Maunds, Or Baskets, In Which The Gifts Were Formerly Contained. It Was Also Called Shere Thursday, As We Read In The Festival' ...
Maurice Etienne Gerard
Gerard, Maurice-etienne, Comte, Marshal Of France, Was A Native Of Dauvilliera, In The Department Of The Meuse, And Was Born April 4, 1773. He Entered The Army As A Volunteer In 1791, And First Saw Fire Under Jourdan, At Fleurus. He Was Already A Captain In 1793, And Bernadette, Who ...
Maurice Greene
Greene, Maurice, Mu.% Doc., Who As A Composer Of English Church Music Is Second To None, And Indeed Has Scarcely A Rival, Was The Son Of The Vicar Of St. Olave Jewry, London, And Born At The Latter End Of The 17th Century. He Received His Education In St. Paul's ...
Mausoleum
Mausoleum, Is The General Term Applied To A Sepulchral Edifice. Originally, However, Mausoleum (mayoonetov) Designated The Magnificent Structure Erected At Halicarnassus, B.o. .352, By Artemisia, As The Sepulchre Of Her Husband, Mausolus, King Of Caria. So Far Did This Surpass In Magnificence All Similar Structures, That In The Time Of ...
Maxima
Maxima And Minima. These Latin Words, Which Simply Mean " Greatest" And " Least," Are Used To Imply, Not The Absolute Greatest And Least Values Of A Varying Quantity, But The Values Which It Has At The Moment When It Ceases To Increase And Begins To Decrease, Or Vice Versa. ...
Maximilian Hell
Hell, Maximilian, A Distinguished Astronomer And Member Of The Order Of Jesuits, Was Born May15,1720, At Sehemnitz In Hungary, And Manifested, At An Early Age, A Decided Taste For The Study Of Natural Philosophy And Astronomy. At Twenty-five Years Of Age He Was Employed As An Assistant In An Observatory ...
Maximilian Sebastian Foy
Foy, Maximilian Sebastian, One Of The Best Of The Political Orators That Have Appeared 'in France Since The Establishment Of A Constitutional Charter, Was Born In 1775, At Ham, In Picardy. His Father, An Old Military Officer, Died When Foy Was Only Five Years Old, And The Education Of His ...
May Day
May-day And Maying. It Was Anciently The Custom, Observes Brand, For All Ranks Of People To Go Out A-maying Early On The 1st Of May. Bourne (` Antiq. Vulg.', Ch. Xxv.) Tells Us That, In His Time, In The Villages In The North Of England, The Juvenile Part Of Both ...
Md Joeln Gregory
Joeln Gregory, M.d., Born At Aberdeen In 1724, And Educated In The Schools Of That Town, Until Be Went To Pursue His Medical Studies At Edinburgh, Leyden, And Paris. He Filled Successively The Chairs Of Philosophy And Medicine At Aberdeen, And That Of The Practice Of Physic In Edinburgh, To ...
Meadows
Meadows Are Properly Low Grounds On The Banks Of Rivers, Which, Being Kept Moist By Their Situation, And Also Occasionally Flooded By The Rise Of The Waters, Are Best Adapted For The Growth Of Grass, And Are Generally Mown For Hay. Some Meadows Of Great Extent, Belonging To A Community ...
Mean
Mean. By The Mean Of Two Or More Quantities Is Meant An Inter Mediate Quantity Determined By Mathematical Rules. There Are More Ways Than One Of Finding A Mean, But The Two Principal Results Of This Kind Are Called The Arithmetical And The Geometrical Means. The Names Are Not Properly ...
Mean Duration Of Life
Life, Mean Duration Of. This Is Commonly Called The Expectation Of Life, Which, Properly Speaking, It Is Not. Of A Thousand Lives Of Equal Goodness, Any One May Expect To Live As Long As He Has An Even Chance Of Living, That Is, Till 500 Are Extinct. This Period Has ...
Measles
Measles (1iforbilli, Rubeola) Is The Popular Name Of A Contagious Disease, Characterised By An Eruption On The Skin, And Affecting Chiefly Children. The Etymology Of The Word Measles Is Uncertain, But Its Application To The Disease We Are Treating Of Was Probably Borrowed From An Appear Ance So Denominated In ...
Mechanical Powers
Mechanical Powers Is The Name Given To Certain Simple Machines Or Engines, For These Words Are Applied Indifferently, Either Of Which Is Occasionally Used By Itself In Moving Bodies Or Raising Weights, Or Any Of Which Are Combined Together In The Formation Of The Complex Constructions Which Are Employed In ...
Mechanics
Mechanics Is The Science In Which Are Investigated The Actions Of Bodies On One Another, Either Directly Or By Means Of Machinery. These Actions May Be Simple Pressures Without Motion, As When One Body Being Supported In Any Manner, Another Is Placed Upon It, Either Vertically Or In Some Oblique ...
Meconic Acid
Meconic Acid A Substance Found In Opium, In Which It Exists In Combination With The Alkali Illegible. It Was First Noticed By Seguin In 1804, And A Few Years After, More Particularly Described By Sertuerner, Who Named It Mecon (piver), Poppy. Meconate Of Lime Is One Of The Results Of ...
Medals
Medals. Numismatists Have Usually Given The Name Of Medals To Those Coins That Have Been Struck Or Cast For Particular Purposes And On Extraordinary Occasions, In Commemoration Of Victories, Treaties, Coronations, And Similar Important Events, Or In,honour Of Remarkable Persons, In Distinction To Those Which Have Been Issued Circulated As ...
Medical Properties Of Lead
Lead, Medical Properties Of. In A Purely Metallic State, Lead Produces No Action On The Human System, Except Such As Arises From Its Mechanical Properties ; But As Soon As It Has Become Oxidised, It Can Combine With The Contents Of The Stomach, And Produce Different Effects, According To The ...
Medical Properties Of Magnesia
Magnesia, Medical Properties Of. Oxide Of Mag Nesium, Termed Also, From The Mode Of Procuring It, Calcined Magnesia, Or Magnesia Usta, Is An Alkaline Earth Possessing The Usual Qualities Of Alkalies In Their Habitudes With Acids, And Likewise The Peculiar Property Of Exciting Generally Purgative Action Of The Intestines. This ...
Medical Properties Of Phosphorus
Phosphorus, Medical Properties Of. This Elementary Substance Exists As An Essential Constituent Both Of Vegetable And Animal Bodies; Yet When Applied In A Concentrated And Pure State To Any Organised Structure, It Acts Upon It As A Violent And Corrosive Poison. Into Animal Bodies It Is Introduced In A Diluted ...
Medical Properties Of Piper
Piper, Medical Properties Of. Pepper. According To The Analysis Of Pelletier, Black Pepper Contains An Acrid Soft Resin, A Vola Tile Oil, Piperine, Extractive, Gum, Bassorino, Malic, And Tartaric Acids, Salts, &c. White Pepper Is The Same Fruit Deprived Of Its Outside Rind. The Odour Of Pepper Is Probably Due ...
Medical Properties Of Q366
Q366 Phosphorus, Medical Properties Of. — — Combustion Of Phosphorus In Chlorine Gas ; A White, Flaky, Volatile Compound Is Formed, Which Is The Perchloride. It Is Volatile, Rising In Vapour At It Is Fusible Under Pressure, And Crystallises In Prisms. It Reddens Dry Litmus-paper, Owing, As Has Been Suspected, ...
Medical Use Of Leeches
Leeches, Medical Use Of. Of The Species Described In The Article Annelida, In Nat. Hist. Diy., It Is Intended To Treat Here Only Of Those Of The Genus Sanguisuge (savigny), Or Latrobdella (blainville), As They Only Can Bo Employed For Medical Purposes. The Same Reason Induces Us To Confine Our ...
Medical Uses Of Spongia
Spongia, Medical Uses Of. The Use Of Sponge By Surgeons, In Its Natural State, To Absorb Fluids, Needs No Notice, But It Is Also Employed By Them Under The Name Of Sponge Tent, When Prepared In A Particular Manner. This Consists In Dipping The Sponge In Melted Wax, And Compressing ...
Medical Uses Of Wine
Wine, Medical Uses Of. These Are Distinct From The Common Or Dietetical Employment Of Wine. For Very Young Children, Wine May Be Pronounced To Be At Once Needless And Hurtful, As Was Proved By The Experience Of Dr. Hunter On His Own Children. The Immense Number Of The Children Of ...
Medicine
Medicine. The Earliest Records Of The Practice Of Medicine Are Extremely Obscure. Among The Jews It Appears To Have Been Entirely Confined To The Priests, And The Whole Art Seems To Have Consisted In The Prevention Of Contagion By Isolation And Cleanliness, And The Admin Istration Of A Few Uncertain ...
Meerschaum
Meerschaum Means In German Sea Foam ; And The Equivalent French Name Of Ecume De Mer Is Applied To The Same Substance. It Is A Silieated Magnesian Mineral, Found In Greece, Turkey, And A Few Other Countries. It Is Used By The Tartars For Washing Linen, Somewhat In The Same ...
Melchiorre Cesarotti
Cesaro'tti, Melchiorre, Born At Padua In May 1730, Studied In The Seminary Of That City, And Showed From His Early Youth A Great Taste For Learning, And Especially For Philological Studies. Struck By The Peculiarity And Novelty Of The Style Of Ossian's Poems Recently Published By Macpherson, Cesarotti In 1762 ...
Melchiorre Delfico
De'lfico, Melchiorre, Born Of A Noble Family At Toreroo, In The Abruzzo, August I, 1744, Studied At Naples Under Genovesi, Mazzoceld, And Other Learne I Teachers, And Applied Himself Particularly To The Study Of The Law And Of Political Economy. After His Return To His Native Country He Published His ...
Melody
Melody (yeara(a), In Music, Is Air Or Song—a Succession Of Single Diatonic Sounds, In Measured Time. Melody And Air Are Synonymous Terms In Modern Music, Whatever Their Difference May Have Been In That Of Ancient Greece ; We Therefore Shall Add But Little To What We Have Already Said On ...
Melon
Melon (cficumis Meld) Is An Herbaceous, Succulent, Climbing Or Trailing Annual, Cultivated For Its Fruit In Hot Eastern Countries From Time Immemorial. In Regions Where Most Cooling Vegetables Disappear On The Approach Of Great Summer Heat And Drought, The Melon, Together With The Water-melon (cucumis Citrullus), Become Essential Substitutes. The ...
Memoirs
Memoirs, A Term, In Its Application To A Particular Species Of Writing, Of French Origin, And In Appearance Properly Signifying, As Its Obvious Etymology Would Denote, A Narrative Or Account Mainly Or Primarily Intended For No Higher Purpose That That Of Simply Recording The Facts It Embraces, Or Addressing The ...
Memory
Memory Is A Name Given To One Of What Are Culled The Faculties Of The Mind,—the Faculty (an It Is Otherwise Expressed) Of Remembering Or Recollecting. The Word Is Used To Denote At The Same Tiro The Operation Or Act Of Remembering, The State Of The Mind When It Exer ...
Meningitis
Meningitis Is The Term Applied To That Form Of Inflammation Of The Brain Which Affects The Serous Membranes By Which That Organ Is Sui-rounded. The Following Definition Has Been Given Of This Dieeate. It Is A Complex Morbid State Of The Immediate Coverings Of The Brain Attended With More Or ...
Mennon Coehorn
Coehorn, Mennon, Baron De, A Celebrated Dutch Engineer, Who Was Born In 1632. Ile Commenced His Military Career At An Early Age, And Spent The Leisure Which The Intervals Of Active Duty Afforded In Improving The Art Of Fortifying Places, With The View Of Diminishing The Ieseqnalty Which, By The ...
Mensuration
Mensuration Is The Name Given To A Branch Of The Application Of Arithmetic To Geometry, Which Shows How To Find Any Dimension Of A Figure, Or Its Arca, Or Surface, Or Solidity, &c., By Means Of The Most Simple Measurements Which The Ease Will Admit Of. We Need Hardly Say ...
Merchants Of The Steelyard
Steelyard, Merchants Of The, A Body Of Aliens Who Enjoyed Various Commercial Privileges In England From An Early Period To The Middle Of The 16th Century. " The Emperor's Men," Mentioned In Some Ordinances Of Ethelred Ii. (a.d. 978.1016) As Trading To England, Were The Predecessors Of The Merchants Of ...
Mercury
Mercury, The Planet Nearest To The Sun. Its Orbit Being Entirely Within That Of The Earth, It Never Recedes To The Point Of The Heavens Opposite To The Sun, But Is Always Found Within 29' Of The Sun. Hence It Is Only Visible To The Naked Eye In The Evening, ...
Mercury
Mercury (hg.) Quicisilrer. The History Of This Well-known Metal, A Description Of The Sources Whence It Is Obtained, Its Physical Properties, And A List Of The Minerals In Which It Occurs Have Already Been Given Under Mercury, In Nat. Him Div. An Interesting Statistical Account Of The Most Important Of ...
Meric Casaubon
Casaubon, Meric, Son Of Isaac, Was Born At Geneva On The 14th August 1599. Lie Was Educated First At Sedan ; Then Under A Private Tutor In England, Whither He Came Along With His Father, And In 1614 Or 1616 He Was Sent To Christ Church College, Oxford, And Elected ...
Mesitylole
Mesitylole (c„ii„), Is Obtained From The Distillation Of Acetone With Finning Sulphuric Acid. Thus, 3 Equivalents Of Acetone = 0 ) Yield Elf 0 And Inceitylele. The Atoms Of Hydrogen May Be Sub S ' • Stituted By Chlorine, Bromine, And Nitrous Acid. Ltiesmerisni, The Terui Usually Applied To The ...