The preceding arguments for the existence, in the general mass of the brain, of several organs or instruments for the manifestation of the different powers of the mind, form also the basis of the rules by which those powers which may be called primitive, or original, are deter mined. Every power of the mind is regarded by phrenologists as a primitive faculty, and is considered to be manifested through the medium of a separate organ, which, 1, exists in one kind of animal and not in another ; 2, which varies in the sexes of the same species; 3, which is not proportionate to the other faculties of the same individual; 4, which does not manifest itself simultaneously with the other facul ties, that is, which appears or disappears earlier or later than they ; 5, which may act or repose singly; 6, which individually is propagated in a distinct manner from parents to children ; and 7, which singly may preserve its proper state of health or be affected by disease.
In accordance with these rules Gall enumerated nearly thirty primi tive mental faculties, which are admitted, with more or less of modifica tion, by all the phrenologists of the present day ; and their number has been augmented by Spurzheim to thirty-five. These faculties Spurzheim divided into moral, or affective, and intellectual. The affective faculties or feelings he again divided into propensities, including all those which produce only desires or inclinations, and sentiments, including such as not only produce a desire to act, but are combined with some other emotion or affection which is not mere propensity. The intellectual faculties also he divided into the perceptive and the refketire. The subjoined figures and the references to them will at once indicate this division of the mental faculties, and the situations on the exterior of the head which are supposed to correspond with the portions of the brain belonging to each, according to the system of Dr. Spurzheim. We have also added the figures by which the several organs were marked by Mr. Combe, in the first and second editions of his System of Phrenology ; ' in the later editions he has followed the enumeration of Dr. Spurzheim.
I. Amativeness is the mental faculty which produces the propensity to physical love, or, as it was termed by Dr. Gall, the instinct of pro pagation.* Its organ is the cerebellum, and its energy is indicated by _ _ the extent of the space on each aide of the head between the =stela bruntaliately behind the ear and the spine of the occipital 2. Philoprogenitirvne,s is the faculty which produces the feeling of love towards offspring. The evidence by which this is admitted as a
fundamental faculty of the mind may afford an example of the applica tion of the seven rules already given for determining them. There are many animals which take no care of their progeny, as reptiles and fish, and, among birds, the cuckoo. In many species of animals the females alone take care of their offspring, as among cats, cattle, sheep, &c., and in general, even when both parents protect their young, the attach ment of the mother is the stronger. The love of offspring bears no proportion to the other mental faculties, but is shared alike by men and brutes, and among the former is often felt as intensely by the most degraded as by the moat exalted of the species. The love of offspring is sometimes, en the ,sontrary, almost completely suppressed. Cases of insanity have not iin;raquently occurred in which parental love was lost or greatly diminiehe I ; while others are recorded in which the love of offspring has been aim 'et the only feeling which remained unimpaired. The seat of this or,;an is directly above the middle of that of atnativeness; and the enerly of the faculty is indicated by the general protuberance of the ocebital bone. Though placed in the middle of the head, this organ is "f course, like all the others, double, and extends to an equal distance cs each side of the median line.
3. Inhabitireness.—The existence of this, the propensity to inhabit particular regions or countries, which produces the love of home, and which determines in each species the dwelling and mode of life which is beat adapted to it, is regarded as doubtful Dr. Gall placed in this situation the organ of pride in man, and that of the instinct in animals which prompts them to seek and inhabit the heights of mountains or to 83 high in the air, believing that faculties which are merely physical in brutes may become moral in man, end that there is an analogy between the feelings which prempt to the pursuit of moral and those which excite the desire of plume' elevation. Mr. Combo and many of the Edinburgh wilcol of phrenology name this the organ of con ceetrativeneea, believing that It corresponds to the faculty of main t lining two or more powers In simultaneous and combined activity, so that they may be directed towards one object, a faculty disposing to sedentary pursuits, and a doss and steady attention, especially by meditation, to a given object. At present It is agreed that the evi deuce la insufficient for the complete establishment of either of these opinions.