11. Love of Approbation, according to Dr. Spurzhelm, is the senti ment which makes us regard the opinion entertained of us, and induces the question—What will the world or the people Kay f It is fond of approbation in general, without attending to the manner of acquiring it ; and may therefore be directed to objects of the highest importance, as well as to such as are of no moment, or are even hurtful. Ambition is the distinguishing epithet of Its agency, It the subject aspired to ho of great Importanee; vanity, if claim be laid to distinction on the score Of trifles. The organ is seated on each side of self-esteem; when much developed it generally elongates the upper and back part of the head, but is sometimes spread out laterally so as to widen rather than lengthen it.
12. ficattioneness is the disposition of the mind which leads a man or an animal to take precautions in whatever he has to do; "It doubts, says but, and continually exclaims, take care" (Spurzheim). When too active it causes Irresolution, anxiety, and melancholy. Its organ is situated on the upper lateral and posterior part of the head, between destructiveness and self-esteem.
13. Benevolence is the disposition of the mind from which result compassion, kindness, philanthropy, mildness, charity, and various other amiable social virtues. Its existence as a fundamental power of the mind is considered to be proved by the rules above mentioned, and by which, it may be again observed, the existence of all the pre ceding and following faculties is determined; the seat of its organ is the upper and middle part of the forehead, just where the hair begins to grow.
14. Veneration. The organ of this faculty was called by Dr. Gall the organ of religion, and he believed that the disposition to the worship of God was directly proportionate to its development. Dr. Spurzheim has here again extended the scope of the faculty, by making it the cause of veneration or respect in general, whether directed to divine or human beings, or to inanimate objects. When the organ of this sentiment is much developed, the head is remarkably elevated; and it was by observing (as Lavater had before done) this peculiarity in the shape of the heads of very pious persona, that the position of the organ on the front part of the top of the middle of the head was determined.
15. Firmness is the faculty which gives constancy and perseverance to the other powers, and contributes to maintain their activity. In its various combinations with other faculties, the results to which it leads differ considerably ; with much self-esteem and love of approbation, it produces an obstinate persistence in the pursuit of honour and rank ; with benevolence, it excites the moat active and persevering philan thropy; with destructiveness and acquisitiveness, it may excite to daring seta of murder and rapine. When, on the other hand, this
faculty is little developed, it leaves men inconstant, and makes them the mere creatures of circumstances. Its organ is situated at the very top of the head, at 15.
16. Conscientiousness is the fundamental and innate sentiment which disposes mankind to look and to wish for justice. The existence of this feeling in a high degree is one of the chief constituents of a noble mind, and the strongest foundation of morality ; its deficiency leaves men with little restraint to prevent them from following the impulses of all their worse propensities, and from striving to attain their ends by the most unworthy means. The situation of the organ of con scientiousness is on the upper put of the head, on each side of that of firmness.
17. Hope is the sentiment which induces men to believe in the pos sibility of whatever their other faculties desire ; it is not more desire, for that may oontinne without any expectation of being over gratified. The different degrees in which It is developed will lead one person to be continually building, as it is said, castles in the air, and another to despair of success even in favourable circumstances. It is this senti. ment, also, which inspires the hope of a future state and of immortality. Its organ is situated on each aide of that of veneration.
18. Marvelloueness, or wonder, is the sentiment which is principally manifested by a belief in miraculous and supernatural circumstances, and which leads men to be amused with everything that can excite their surprise and wonder. Its organ is situated immediately in front of that of hope.
19. Ideality. Dr. Gall regarded the organ of this faculty as the organ of poetry, finding it much developed in all the great poets of ancient and modern times. But it is also large in some who, though they may be fond of poetical conceptions, are not poets themselves. Dr. Spurzheim therefore believes that the essential nature of this senti ment is to impress a peculiar character called poetical or ideal, and to vivify the other faculties ; to give a sense and love of beauty ; to pro duce sublimity of concaption, and excite warmth of imagination and expression. The organ of this sentiment is placed by the side of marvellousness, and the two frequently act together.