Heating Aibibaratits generally consists of a fire-box or a hearth upon which the combustion takes place, the floor being made of a grating with openings, to allow the passage of the incombustible portion of the fuel and the access of the fresh air necessary to the support of combustion. From the fire-box the gaseous products pass through longer or shorter channels or flues to the chimney, giving out in their passage the greater part of their heat to the walls of the apparatus; while another portion of the produced heat serves to create the draught of air necessary' to supply the combustion.
Fireplaces or Oficn the mechanical contrivances contained within the room itself, a distinction must be made between fireplaces and stoves. In fireplaces, as seen on Plate lc) (fig. 7), the apparatus is open toward the space to be warmed and the heating is mainly accomplished by direct radiation. This plan is objectionable on the ground of economy, as the greater part of the heat must escape through the chimney; but the arrancrements can be made highly decorative and attractive for domestic uses, as is seen in the illnstration. The grate, ash-pan, and communica tion with the chimney' are exhibited in cross-section.
Open fireplaces adapted for burning gaseous fuel have lately come into general use in several localities in the United States. The gas is pertnitted to escape from numerons small orifices in pipes laid on the base of the fire place. Designs in the form of logs of wood are sometimes introduced by wav of ornament. They are considered to be in many respects far more desirable than any previous appliances devised for au open fire.
Stoves.. least, for the warming of living rooms—are much used, and there is a great variety not only in forms and sizes, but also in the principle of construction and in the material em ployed, as will be seen in the examples shown on Plate ro. According to the principle upon which the heating is to be done and the form of con struction affected, a distinction must be made between stoves for temporary or intermittent heating, as in Figures 8, 9, io, aud 14, and those intended for continuous heating, as in Figures II, 12, and 13. Stoves without ven tilation are exhibited in Figures S to II, and those with ventilation, or jacket stoves, in Figures 12 tO 14. Distinguishing them by the material
employed, those made of iron are seen in Figures 8 and ro to 14, while the clay or tile stove is presented in Figure 9. Also, in a classification by shape, round stoves are presented in Figures 8, 13, and 14, and four-cornered stoves in Figures 9, io, II, and 12. The dimensions depend mainly upon the size of the room, but also -upon the surfaces producing the chilling of the air, as well as upon the material, thickness, and position of the walls and ceilings. Many stoves are suited for the consumption of only a cer tain kind of fuel, such as those in Figures II and 12, intended for brown coal, the oue in Figure 13 being suited to coke. The other forms can be used not only for the fuels already mentioned, but also for hard coal, wood, peat, tar-cake, etc. In explanation of the illustrations, it may be added that the barrel stove, seen in vertical section in Figure 8, is one of the most imperfect forms, the distance from the fire grate to the chimney being very short, and the consequent loss of heat very great unless the distance be increased by lengthening the stove-pipe. These stoves are made on a small scale, and are nsed only where a rapid and temporary heat is required.
The Tile Stove, seen in Figure 9, has horizontal, and sometimes vertical, flues, as in the vertical section c; a relatively larger heating surface is thus obtained. The Figure exhibits the middle partition of each of the hori zontal flues for affording additional length, seen vertically in b. The com bustion takes place in an iron box enclosed in tiles. (Vertical sections, b and c; horizontal section, g.) Cornices near the top and the base are placed on the outside, rendering the stove more or less ornamental; the material differs in quality and may be with or without glazing. Faience stoves, composed of the best white kaolin finely glazed, arc elegantly or namental, and the Berlin stove is also of this class.
The Stoz,,e, shown in Figure ro, has also horizontal flues, but with vertical connecting- pieces, forming the heating tubes; the heat is very quickly transmitted, but it is not lasting. The fuel is introduced through one of the narrow sides seen at b. Stoves of this shape are made of burnt clay with iron casings.