The varieties of cooking appliances in the United States are legion, and they display great ingenuity in design and construction. The develop ment of the heating apparatus for cooking from the primitive open fire place to the modern coal stove and range efthibits remarkable advance ment in this department of invention. The cooking apparatus in general Ilse in cities for domestic service is the brick-set range, of which well known and improved forms are shown in Figures 4 and 5(pz. 9). Ranges are usually provided with a " water-back," or boiler, to afford supplies of hot water for the use of the household; the most recent form of the kitchen range is furnished with an improvement termed a " circulatin,g boiler," which insures an increased supply of hot water.
The cooking arrangements for. the prison at Antwerp—of which Fig,nre 25a (p.m) shows the exterior—are built in a sort of recess, over which, as is seen in the sections b and c, wide flues are constructed, to carry off the vapor and ventilate the kitchen. Of the three kettles, two are used for preparing food, and the third contains the water to be warmed for kitchen use. The setting of hollow copper rings outside the kettles is peculiar. They are connected. with flow- and return-pipes, which lie in the venti lating flues of the building, and, like these pipes, are filled with water; so that the ventilating flues are warmed when the kettles are used.
The Apparatus seen in Figure 26 is that of the Insane asylum at Neustadt-Eberswald, and, like the high-pressure water-heating apparatus of the same institution, was constructed by Engineer John Haag of Augsburg. The kettle, or boilers, made of copper, have their lids countenveighted and are suspended by tight-fitting joints in hemispherical jackets. The steam from the main steam-pipe (a), shown cut through in
Figure 26b, enters the space between the boiler and the jacket through the connecting-pipes (c); a', a', are the pipes for the condensed water, opening into the main pipe, b; x, .17, are air valves, to be opened for the entrance of the steam, and then closed; f is the cold-water supply-pipe for the boilers; fin ally, c, e,are flue-pipes leading to a ventilator, to carry off the fumes of the cooking. The whole is surrounded by an iron casing.
Portable Gas Stoves. —The small portable gas-cookiug apparatus shown in Figure 27 consists of a sort of tripod upon which is placed the vessel to be heated. Inside the tripod are the gas-burners, connected with a piece of gas-pipe so arranged on the outside as to make a convenient handle. The gas is brought to the apparatus from the mains by means of an iudia rubber tube. Figure (fi/. 9) shows a recent form of cooking range heated by gas. This is an American apparatus which is growing in popularity.
01'1 Stores are in very general use for heating and for culinary purposes. Where perfect combustion of the oil is insured, the result is a pure white flame and intense heat without smoke or odor. These stoves are adapted to give, during early autumn and spring, a sufficient warmth to 1-00111S would be overheated by furnaces or stoves. Being placed on rollers, they can easily be moved from one room to another, and require no more care than an ordinary house-lamp. Stoves heated by gasoline—one of the products of petroleum—are adapted to the same uses as oil stoves. The gasoline stove is practically a gas stove.