skull-structure of the Semites shows much uniformity: it is hypsistenocephalic (according to Welcker) among the Abyssinians, Copts, and FeIlahs; mesocephalic among the ancient Egyptians, the Arabs, and Berbers. The skulls of the latter are rounder than the skulls of the Arabians and the Guanches, and those of the Jews are broader. We have illustrated a modern Egyptian skull on Plate 103 (figs. 6-8), which (fig. 8) shows a slight prognathism; among the Gallas some individuals are found with pronounced prognathic skulls, and indeed this struc ture is not unfrequent in the southern portion of the Semitic region. Some Jewish individuals among us exhibit it. The skin of the Se mites is thin and smooth, and nowhere thick and velvety like that of the Negroes.
women of the Berbers and Arabs frequently tattoo their faces (pl. 105, fig. 5) or their hands and arms. This is rarely seen with the men, but the Danakil scar the skin, and some inhabit ants of the Tigre tattoo in the same manner as the women, and in Amhara all over their bodies. The women also paint the eyebrows with antimony, and the finger-nails (sometimes also the toe-nails) with henna. In some places (among the Bisharis, the Somalis) the hair is dyed red with lime.
In ancient times the Bisharis extracted two incisor teeth, in the Negro style; piercing the ear-lobes is practised everywhere; ornaments are rarely worn in the nose (p1. ror, fig. r). Circumcision is practised almost every where, being absent only among a few pagan tribes and among the Chris tians. In East Africa the girls are circumcised, and the disgusting custom of infibulation prevails.
need to make but few remarks about the dress of these peoples, as our plates sufficiently exhibit it. The .Berbers and Tuarick wear a white gown and pantaloons, and over them a girded and often gayly-colored overdress with sleeves; the head is covered with a red cap and is always wrapped with a cloth, which partly covers the face (p1. roo, fig. 4). They carry on their blue belts weapons, a bag for tobacco, and all kinds of utensils (p1. roo, fig. 4). The women wear several long blouses of cotton, which they fasten with a red belt; often a large wrap is added, in which they can completely enfold themselves (pl. lo5, figs. 5, 6). The man represented in the latter figure wears only a girded blouse and the headkerchief. Shoes of leather are very common.
The Arabians wear either short or long pantaloons; over these a long white cotton shirt with wide sleeves and a belt; a large wrap in which they can completely enfold themselves; and on the head generally a piece of goods hanging down the back of the neck and on each side, with which they can cover their mouths; the men also wear turbans (pl. ro4, figs.
I-3, 8, 1o; comp. fi/. 92, fig. 1); leather shoes are frequent (p1. 104, fig. 10; pl. 105, fig. 7). Many Arabians wear an entirely Turkish garb (pl. 104, fig. 12).
The dress of the old Assyrians, whose principal colors were white and blue, consisted of long garments with shorter overdresses, which often had wide sleeves, and of high pointed caps. The king wore a high tiara; war riors were attired in a closely-fitting girded blouse of gay material fastened by overlapping (p1. ro6,figs. r, 2). It was without sleeves, like the long "coat of many colors" of the captive Jews (p1. 103, fig. 5. See ASSYRIANS and illus., Vol. II.). The old Egyptians were similarly attired, the narrow garment beginning below the breasts of the women (p1. 103, J. 9); and the men, especially in working, were content with a white wrap about the hips and upper legs (p1. 103, fig. 5. See EGYPTIANS and illus., Vol. II.).
The costumes of the Nubians and of the Copts of to-day coincide with those of the Arabs and Berbers (p1. 103, figs. 1, 4); and so do those of the Abyssinians (p1. 98, figs. 1, 3, 4, 6; pl. 99, fig. I; fig. 1; pl. 101, fig. r). The Guragc woman, from a tribe dwelling in North-eastern Kaffa, wears a veil-like head-scarf of strange shape (p1. 98, fic,3-. I); bright skins constitute, here as among, the Berbers, an ornament for the men, and are worn as wraps (p1. 9S, fig. 4, the rider in the background; also fig. 3); the rider (fig. 4) wears a diadem-like, ribbon-ornamented head decoration (comp. pl. 96, jig. the crouching figure to the right), but, with the exception of short pantaloons, he is otherwise naked.
Among the Gallas we find a union of several costumes. The two women in the centre (p1. roo, 2) show Abyssinian attire, while the standing female figure (p1. 102, fig. 3) is dressed in a manner which reminds us of the old Semitic garb which we have just described. The man standing at her side wears the long shirt of the Arab, without a belt; but otherwise these peoples, as well as the less civilized Arabian tribes (p1. r05, fig. 4), are satisfied with a scarf, to which the nobles add a cloak; leather sandals (p1. 99, fig. 11; p1. rot, fig. 6) are much in use. Children go about naked (p1. 98, fig. 6; pl. too, 2). The costumes (p1. 92, ; p1. 98, fig. 2 ; p1. 101, fig S. 2, 3 ; p1. 102, figS. 1, 5, 6) remind ris of Negro attire, and especially the tying down of the breasts (p1. 9s, fig. 2; p. 102, 6). There is no lack of ornaments ; the illustrations give 'various examples: we call attention to the long ear-pendants on Plate too (fig. 2).