The Bishari (p1. 98, fig. 5), as do most of the Nubians, wears in his hair a wooden needle with which to scratch the head without injuring the arrangement of the hair. Such scratching may often be desirable, as these nations on account of their uncleanliness are much infested with vermin. The Tuarick and the Berbers never wash otherwise than with sand; they wear their clothing until it falls from their bodies. The Tua rick men rub their entire bodies with indigo-powder, and the NVOIllell their faces with ochre, while the Nubians and Gallas anoint themselves all over with grease in the South-African manner, by which processes the obnox ious odor of the skin is greatly increased.
their style of building the Somalis resemble the Negroes, as is proved by Plate lox (fig. 13), but they prefer to lay out their at secure spots on steep banks of rivers, etc.-a precaution rarely taken by the Negroes. The sheds on Plate 102 (fig. 3) remind us of the sun roofs of the Negroes and Fulah 90, fig. 7; pl. 92, jig. zo). Magadoxo (Mogedshu) is built in the Arabian manner (fil. 102, Jig. 2) with flat roofs, on which the inhabitants sleep during the night. The Berbers build and live in a similar way. The African hut has maintained its place by the side of the house (pl. 102, fig. 3, background).
The houses of Abyssinia (p1. 98, figs. 4, 6 ; pl. roo, fig. 1), and also those of Nubia (pl. ioo, fig. 5; pl. 103, fig. 2), repeat the model of the Negro and Bantu houses CAL S4, 2; 86, jig. 2; p1. 99, jig. 2), carrying it out more in detail: the building is more comfortable and beautiful (pl. 98, fig. 6). The Monbuttus on the upper White Nile had halls similar to the great one of the king of Abyssinia (fil. 99, fig. I), and the arrangement of huts in courtyards (p1. roo, fig. 1; p1. 101, fig. 13), which also contain receptacles for storage, etc. (pl. 103, fig. 2, back ground), is just like that of the Negroes. On Plate roo (fig. I) the master of the house occupies his accustomed place in the shade of the projecting wall, from which he can survey the entire yard; the door keeper sits in the lookout by the side of the door: it is accessible by means of a ladder.
Miserable huts of skins, half-globular like the Hottentots' abodes, are found among the uncivilized tribes of Arabia, as also on the island of Abd-el-Kuri 105, fig. 4), which is situated between Socotra and Cape Gardafui. The nomadic Arabs and Berbers live in leather tents (pl. 104, fig. 9). It is well known how splendid was the building of the ancient Egyptians, Babylonians, and Assyrians (pl. lo6, fig. I); and the old tomb of Jewish origin (p1. jig. 5) is also an interesting specimen of architecture.
Domestic L1/4: Hunting, and Berbers and many Arabs are mostly stock-raisers and carry on agriculture to a small extent. Their domestic animals vary in the different districts. At
an early period they had cattle, goats, sheep, camels, horses (fi/. ro6, fig. 2), and donkeys (p1. 103, fig. 5); bees are also extensively raised. They take great pleasure in the chase, which they carry on with their weapons of war; crocodiles and hippopotami are captured with harpoons (pl. 99, fig. i2; comp. pl. 86, fig. 13) in the same manner as among the Bantu nations. In Africa the donra is the principal grain, figuring as au article of exchange among some Arabic tribes of East Africa; there are also rice, millet, maize, and in upper Abyssinia wheat. The agricultural imple ments are simple: the primitive Abyssinian plough (pl. 99, fig. i6) consists entirely of wood.
Food and Berbers eat voraciously with spoons, and likewise the African Arabs with their fingers. Plate 99 (fig. 1) shows an Abyssinian banquet, and also the manner of crouching around the table, of serving, and of eating with knife and hands. There are many spirituous drinks—palm wine, doura beer, ete. Tobacco is a favorite stimulant. They smoke in a manner similar to that of the East-African Negroes (p. 336): in the mouth-piece of the Nubian pipe (pt. 99, fig. 5) the liquid containing the nicotine is accumulated in bast-fibre, which is chewed. Other kinds of pipes, in which the smoke passes through water, are exhib ited on Plate 102 (fig. 3, the sitting figure to the left) and on Plate 98 (fig. 6, to the right), and these last-deseribed pipes produce the effects of the Bantu pipes already known to us (p. 315; pt. 90, jig. 6). Very different and much finer are the (Turkish) pipes of the Arabs (p1. 104, fig. IT, to the right).
Utensils.—We see on Plate ioo (fig. 2) Danakil women carrying water in bowls made of ostrich egg-shells: a similar vessel, like the one carried by the naked child, is seen on Plate 99 (fig. 14), though the Fundshes do not use egg-shells, but plait all their vessels, even those for liquids (pl. 99, figs. 13, 14); as do also the Somalis (p. lot, figs. 5, 8). Earthen vessels of various shapes used by the Nubians arc shown on Plate 103 (figs. 1, 2); by the Berbers, on Plate 105 (fig. S); by the Abyssinians, on Plate 9S (fig. 6). Horns of buffalo or other cattle are used as drinking cups in East Africa; one of them hangs on the wall to the right on Plate 98 (fig. 6). The same illustration, in the background to the right, shows a woman making bread-cakes—for here bread is made everywhere in the shape of Easter cakes or Jewish matzos—while on Plate 102 (f;. 3) the two standing figures in the foreground to the right pound grain in a wooden mortar.