In the polysyllabic group we include, first, those peoples who are cus tomarily called Altaic or Ural-Altaic, and whom we should like to call Uralo-Caspi-Japanic, or more concisely Ural-Japanic peoples, because their territory, with the exception of the European offshoots already mentioned, is pretty accurately bordered by the lines which are drawn from both extremities of the Japanese islands, including Saghalin, to the south-east coast of the Caspian Sea, and north in a curve, through the lower course of the Lena, to the north end of the Ural Mountains (see map). Secondly, the North Asiatic remnants, single tribes of doubtful position, belong here—the Yenisei Ostyaks, the Yukagirs, Tchuktchis, and Kamchatkans, whom we unite in one group, although it is by no means certain that they belong to one group; but it is certain that they are closely related to the Ural-Japanic peoples. Thirdly, the peoples of the Caucasus must be mentioned, who are the most independently developed branch of this race.
Physical Characteristics: Stature and Form.—Before we pass to the description of the individual tribes it will be necessary to treat in detail the uniformity which authorizes or rather compels us to include them in one and the same race. It is especially the physical structure which must here be considered, and which we shall describe in general outlines, according to Pallas.
The Mongolian peoples are middle-sized or, especially the female sex, under-sized. This is true of the Ural-Altaic peoples, the Japanese, Chinese, Thibetans, and Indo-Chinese, and also of the Yukagirs and their relations, as our plates show (Ural-Altaic peoples, pl. 62, fig. 5; pl. 63, figs. 2, 4, 6, 7, 8; 66, J. 2; pl. 67, fig. 6; p1. 68, figs. 4, 5; p1. 69, jigs. 4, ir; )5/.
figs. I, 3; figs. 3; fig. 7; P. 73, Jigs. 4, 5; 74, 4; pl. 75, figs. 2, 8; China, pl. 56, jig. 5; /5/. 57, figs. 4, 6; Thibet, pl. 61, figs. 2, 6, 8; Farther India, pl. 58, jigs. 1, 3; /5/. 6o, fig. 3; Yukagirs and relations, p/. 75, fig. 5; pl. 76, fig-. 3; p1. 77, fig. 6; /54 78, jigs. I, 4, 5; pl. 79, figs. I, 4, 5). Disproportions in build are shown pretty uniformly in a frequently thick head, short thick neck, the rump a little too long, and lank extremities; the legs are not unfrequently crooked. The arms are also sometimes curved toward the outside, and both hands and feet are usually small. All these peculiarities are shown on our plates: First, the thick head and short neck of the Ural-Japanic peoples (p1. 68, figs. 3, 4, 5, Tunguses; p1. 69, figs. 1, 4, Bnriats; pl. 70, fig. 3, Yakoots; pl. 70, fig. 1, Calinucks; p1. 73, fig. 5, Tartars; p1. 75, fig. 2, Finns; /51. 75, fig. 8, Ostyaks; among the Thibetans, p/. 61, figs. 2, 6, 8; Japanese, pl. 62, fig. 3; /V. 63, figs. 4, 6, 8; Amos, p1. 66, jig. 2; among the Yukagirs and relatives, p1. 75, jig. 5; p1. 76, figs. I, 2; pl. 77,
fig. 6; fi/. 78, fig-s. 4, 5; fi/. 79, figs. I, 4, 5).
Secondly, the badly-formed extremities are very marked among them (pl. 78, figs. 4, 5; pl. 79, Ars. I, 4, 5; among the Japanese, pl. 63, figs.
7, 8; the Ainos, IV 66, jigs. I, 2; the other Altaic peoples, pl. 63, figs. 4, 5; p1. 69, fig. I I ; p1. 70, fig. I; p/• 7.3, fig. 5; pl. 75, fig. 3; among the Thibetans, p1. 61, figs. 2, 6, 8). The manner of sitting common to them all, crouching with legs crossed ender them (p1. 69, fic. m; pl. 71, figs. 2, 3; p1. 73, fig. I), seems to have some connection with their stature.
Co/or.-Their complexion also shows much likeness. The funda mental color is a very light leather or " wheat" yellow, which often changes into white, even to a sickly colorless hue, but also to darker shades, even to a blackish brown. The dark coloring prevails in the north and south-east of the continent; the central portion of it, as Japan and China, shows a leathery yellow as the prevailing color; toward the west there is a whitish tint of the skin, which, however, is often dark ened by the manner of living, uncleanliness, etc.
Hair.-The hair is everywhere black, generally straight, rarely frizzled (p1. Cr, fig-s. 2, 6, 8), mostly coarse and hard, but in China pretty fine. The hair of the beard and body is scant, and only in exceptional cases of great abundance (p1. 54, fig. 5; pl. 56, fig. 2; p1. 57, fig. 8; /51. 61, jig. 2; fi1. 66, figs. I, 2, 6; p/. 7r, figs. 2, 3; p/. 73, fig. 2; P. 75, 2); besides, it is generally extracted.
Skull and shape of the head of all these peoples shows a uniformity, although this does not appear at first sight. The majority of the Mongolian tribes have brachycephalic forms; the Chinese, Japanese, and the Estlionians are mesocephalic; still others, like some Thibetan tribes, have even dolichocephalic shapes (pl. 61, 5); but the roof of the skull is always square, and even where it passes into the oblong form it is still always square, and it is never round (pl. 61, fig. 5).
jawbones are either not found at all or the projection is very small; but the arches project in breadth, making the face very broad, almost rhombic; the forehead, together with a strongly curved roof of the skull, becomes narrow at the top, and the chin is narrower than the cheeks (for instance, pi. 66, fig. 5; pz. 67, fig. 4; pi. 68, fig. 5; pi. 74, fig. 8; pi. 76, figs. 1, 2). On this account the upper part of the face is often very broad, but the entire face is round; narrow faces occur only rarely (p1. 70, fig. 2). The roof of the nose is often pressed in (pl. 61, figs. 5, 6; pi. 69, figs. 2); its septum is flat, so that the nose scarcely projects, or only very little, beyond the cheeks and forehead (p• 56, fig. 3; pi. fig. 2; pl. 61, fig. 6; pi. 62, figs. p1. 63, figs. 3; /5/• 70, fig. r; 74, figs. 6, 7, 8; pi. 75, figs. 6, 7, 8).