The slanting position of the eyes, of which the inner corner often lies deeper than the outer, is in connection with the low position of the root of the nose. While our illustrations confirm this peculiarity among the different tribes of the race (Ural-Japanic peoples, pis. 62, 63; pi. 64, fig. 9; pl. 66, fig. 5; /54 67, fig. 4; pi. 68, fig. 3; pl. 69, fig. 4; pl. 70, figs. r, 3; Koryaks, pi. 76, figs. 1, 2; Kamchatkans, pl. 78, fig. 5; /5/• 79, fig.
5; Indo-Chinese, pi. 55, fig. 4; pz• 56, fig. 5; fi/. 57, fig. 3; etc.), they also show that it is by no means a reliable mark as to the race, for a number of individuals, as well in the east as in the north, and especially in the west, do not have it (p. 54, figs. r, 7; pi. 56, figs. 3, 4; pi. 57, figs. 2, 5, 8, ro; fi/. 61, figs. 2, 6, 8; /51. 66, figs. 1, 2; fi/. 68, figs. 4, 5; /5/. 70, fig. 2; pi. 71, figs. 2, 3; pi. 73, figs. I, 2; fi/. 75, fig. 5; fii. 77, fig.
6; Pi- Jig. 4; pl 79, .fig. 4; Pi. Equally universal is a certain twinkling and pressing together of the small eyes (for example, pi. 56, fig. 4; pl. 57, figs. 5, 8; pi. 68, fig. 4; fii• 74,fig• 7; pl. 76, figs. 2; /54 78, fig. 5, etc.), which is closely related to the first-mentioned peculiarity. As the cheekbones project broadly, and the bones of the nose lie deep, the skin of the upper eyelid is drawn downward to the nose, thus covering the inner angle of the eye. Plate (figs. 1-4) shows four eyes which will serve as an illustration of this pecu liarity. In Figure 1, d a b c is the upper eyelid, which in b already covers a portion of the pupil a b, and in c is drawn so low down as com pletely to cover the inner corner. It is seen somewhat more distinctly in Figure 2, still more in Figure 3, while the eye of the Dyak (fig. 4) almost fully exposes the corner.
Not unfrequently the fold of skin of the tipper eylid hangs so low as to half cover the lashes on opening the eye. Nevertheless, it is not sur prising that this peculiarity should appear different with different indi viduals, sometimes more or less pronounced, and sometimes wholly absent. Among young people and stout persons it is plainly perceptible; and also among individuals whose nasal frames are very much compressed, as the Japanese, etc.; but it is less perceptible where the bones are more elevated, as is the case among the Indo-Chinese peoples (pl. 61, figs. 2, 5, 6, 8). In consequence of this construction of the eye the tears in weeping frequently flow through the nose. The pupil is everywhere black or at least very dark.
Of the other peculiarities of the face it must be remarked that it often looks inflated or swollen, partly on account of the formation of the cheek bones, partly from a tendency to fatness peculiar to this race. Several such swollen faces, which are especially common to young people and children, are shown by our plates (for instance, fi/. 54, jig. 7; pl. 55, jig. 3; pl. 57, fig. 2; pl. 6i, figs. 2, 6, 8; pl. 62, Jigs. 1-5; pl. 63, figs. r, 3, 4, 6; pi. 66, jig. 5; Al. 67, figs. 4, 6; pl. 68, figs. 4, 5; pl. 69, figs. I, 4; pl. 70, fig. I; pl. 74, figs. 6, 7, 8; pl. 75, figs. 6, 7, 8; /5/s. 78, 79). They are common to almost all tribes of this race. The lips are almost inva riably full and fleshy, the chin round and rather small, the teeth good and durable.
The peoples of Farther India vary in many respects from this type, and still more so those of the Caucasus and numerous individuals among the Turks, Hungarians, and Finns. It prevails more extensively in the north and east, than in the extreme south and west, of the region-is more pronounced among the uncultivated tribes and individuals than among the cultivated. The physical constitution of the Caucasians makes it hazardous to class them with the Mongolian race. Some scientists unite them, with the Indo-Germanic peoples, the Semites, and the Basques, into another race, and still others represent them as a distinct branch of the human species, having no relation to other races. Our opinion dis tinctly is that the ethnologic position of the peoples of the Caucasus is still an open question. Our reasons for placing them in one class with the Mongolians are the following: First: The Mongolian type shows great change toward the west, becom ing- more European; and this is in accordance with our supposition that the types of races are produced by the gradual influence of their natural surroundings. Thus we find the Finnish natives of Europe frequently of European type, with blue eyes and brown, blond, or red hair. Again, a modification of the Mongolian type has taken place with the Hungarians and Turks (pl. 72, figs. r, 2), who, by their large stature, muscular pow ers, condition of hair (pl. 72, lig. 2; pl. 75, fig. 2), shape of face and skull, formation of the nose, position of the eyes, etc., can scarcely be distinguished from the Indo-Germanic nations, particularly the Asiatic types of them, as the Armenians, Kurds, etc. (comp. pl. 73, figs. 6, 9).