But the European type is by no means the only one prevailing amongst these nations : the old Mongolian traits not unfrequently occur. Thus among the Hungarians individuals are often found who unite with a small figure and scant beard a thick neck, a round head with a low, retreating forehead, flattened occiput, slanting eyes, short flat nose, and thick lips. Some have attempted to find the cause of this modification of the type by interminglings with Europeans; and we are far from denying either the interminglings or their influence. But in what the latter consists has neither been so thoroughly nor so widely investigated as to furnish a basis for scientific conclusions. It is impossible to explain all these changes by referring them to inter mingling. It would be strange indeed if therein the Indo-European type had so completely gained the ascendency, and it would be especially remarkable in the Caucasus, where at least as much contact took place with the Mongolian as with the Indo-Germanic peoples.
Nations where there is no mixture—as many of the wild Turcomans in the inhospitable steppes around the Caspian Sea—have the same non Mongolian features (p1. 72, fig. 5). Likewise the Nogais Turks between the Caspian and the Sea of Azov, as well as the Tartars of the Crimea, exhibit frequently quite European countenances (p1. 72, fig. S; p1. 73, fig. 3; fi/. 74, fig. 1). We. might assume that the intermixture of Indo-Ger manic blood was so great that iu process of time the Mongolian traits were absorbed; but so extensive a fusion throughout all classes has never taken place here. This theory of blood-mixture does not solve the difficulty, but merely sets it back. How, from what sources, has the Indo-European type formed itself? Surely not by mixture. And that the European was not the original type of mankind (according to the development theory) has long been an acknowledged fact (comp. P. 29).
If different influences could ennoble the type in this case, why not also in the case of the Mongolian race? For it is by no means so unchange ably fixed as has often been assumed. Our plates prove this when we glance at the inhabitants of Farther India and the Ainos; and among the Mongolian peoples in a narrower sense many differences of type are to be seen. Therefore, the conclusion is justified that in spite of their Euro pean type the people of the Caucasus are to be considered as belonging to the Mongolian race. In the earliest times, subsequent to the separation from the original centre of mankind, they belonged, together with the Mongolians, to a single centre of population. Having left this at an
early date, and being confined to their mountains and the surrounding regions, they gradually took upon themselves their present character istics. They have long lived in their mountain-valleys secluded and independent, as their so numerous and widely different tongues plainly prove.
Second : As further evidence that they belong to the Mongolian race, many physical peculiarities may be adduced which they share in com mon with it. The disproportion between the buttocks and the limbs, already mentioned, is seen also in the Tcherkesses, whose thighs are often somewhat short and whose feet are very small; and, inasmuch as the handles of their weapons are surprisingly small, so must their hands be —like the real Mongolian. Latham, the well-known English ethnologist, calls the Caucasians "modified Mongolians," and Pallas likewise found many Mongolian features among them, which he deemed referable to the intermixture of Nogais blood.
The type of the Crimean Tartars (p1. 73, fig. 3) appears again in the Caucasus, while many of the inhabitants of these mountains possess a full European, and frequently- very handsome, exterior. They present an elegant and yet herculean build—the hips, however, remaining small —rather long not round faces, prominent noses, large and mostly brown eyes, brown but also blond and red hair, with much hair growing on the body (pt. So, figs. 1-3, 7-1z).
are next met by a question of the highest importance: In what relationship do the languages of the Caucasians stand to each other? Are they related to those of the other peoples of Mongolian stock which were referred to above? We saw that the similarity of the Amer ican languages in general did not depend so much upon similarity of roo.'s as upon the fact that the grammatical forms resembled each other in characteristic points, and that this similarity, more or less wide spread, was sufficient to indicate the original relationship of all these tribes (p. 2 1).
If we now turn to the principal forms of speech of the different Mon golian peoples, we do not find precisely that which we found among the Americans, but a state of affairs much akin to it, which might render an original relationship and unity of speech by no means impossible. If we do not find the same forms of speech everywhere, we do find in all idioms belonging here only such forms as may or must have developed themselves from a common foundation; which is the case all the world over when we take the factor of development into consideration.