THE PEOPLES OF FARTHER INDIA.
We arc justified in separating these from the Thibetans and Chinese as an independent division, on account of the nature of their language.
Division.—The races which belong to this division are, according to Lassen (see il/a/5)— Z. The Burmese (or Mran-ma, as they style themselves), on both sides of the Irawadi, to whom the inhabitants of Tenasserim, as well as of Rakhaing (Aracan), belong, and some tribes which dwell on the south east slopes of the Himalayas and in the mountainous lands between the Himalayas and the Irawadi. These are, first, the .A7zycns in the Yuma Mountains and on the Khyen-Dwen, as well as on the delta of the Irawadi. To them belong the Karcns, who in earlier times (Marco Polo) were settled in South China, and at present, besides in the mountains mentioned, live on the Irawadi delta, in which latter district they are neighbors to the nearly-related Zabaings. To the races of the north-west mountains belong the Kukis; north-westerly from these the Kateharis (Metscha, Dhimal, Bodo); still farther west, reaching almost to the westerly bend of the Brahniapootra, the Khyis and Garos; and at the extreme west, in Lower Assam and South Bootan, the Kotschas, of whom a part have adopted the Bengalese tongue. North-easterly from the Kukis the ATagas are settled, who are mountain-races, tribes with different names as far as Assam; and northerly from them the Singphos, to whom are joined in Assam south easterly the Abors and the north-easterly the Alischinis, the and the Akas.
2. The .1lon, an independent branch of the inhabitants of Farther India, who inhabit and are called Takings by the Burmese.
3. The Khomas or Kizames, the various races living in Cambodia. Perhaps they are related to the MOis, wild mountain-tribes in Donp,--Nai (South-west Cochin-China) and in the north-west of Tonquiu, as also to the Tsiampas or Laus in South-east Anam, and to the which latter, dwelling in the border mountains between China and Anam, believe themselves the original people of Tonquin.
4. The Thai, who occupy the interior of the peninsula and include first the Siamese, the Thai in a restricted sense, or the Shan of the Burmese; secondly, the Laos people on the upper Me-Kong, the khanais at the head waters of the Irawadi, and the Ahoms, the former rulers of Assam. The Thai are divided into different races—the Thaijai, etc.; the (Lok-Thai), etc. Here belong also the Khasias or A7zyes (Scott), westerly from the Katscharis.
5. The Anamiles, or inhabitants of Anam (Chinese Ngan-nan), Ton and Cochin-China.
We have already seen how the Karens migrated from South China. The idea is, then, a very probable one (Lassen) that the the population of China formed by those Chinese migrating later, and which, breaking up into different tribes, inhabit the mountains of various parts of China, are more closely related to the people of Farther India. An other such transition race are the Lobos, as the population of South China does not differ greatly from the people now under consideration.
Our illustrations, which are taken from Garnier's fine work, Voyage a" clans I' show types of the different races, and will make these transitions clear. To the South Laos race belongs the mandarin (pl. 56, Jig. 2) from Kemarat on the Me-Kong (r6° N. lat.), likewise the young Laos (p1. 56,fig. 4) from Bassac (r5° N. lat.), while Figure 3, showing a Laos of the uncivilized mountain lama race from the district of Pak-beng (20° N. lat.), forms the transition to the North Laos on Plate 56 (figs. 1, 6). These northern Laos arc called black— properly speaking, " the Laos with black bodies "—because they tattoo themselves with very elegant devices, mostly from the navel downward, but often also over the whole body (p1. 56, 6). The Burmese practise this also: all the men are tattooed over and over from the navel to the knee with dark figures representing lions, wild boars, tigers, or birds and demons. Many of the mountain-races have the same ornaments. Marco Polo found in the westerly Yun-Nan striped devices on the thighs of the men. The Khyen, especially the women, tattoo their faces. The wild race of the Lemet (pl. 56, Jig. 5) belong to the northern Laos; they inhabit the mountains north-west from Me-Kong, between 2o° and 21° N. lat. To the Thai-jai belongs the Thai (p1. 55, fig. 3); the Kong woman (pi Sr, 12) to a race of the Pa-pc, living from 21° northward; while the fire women (p1. 6o,fig. 3, left) are Pa-is, and likewise the group on Plate 58 (fig. 3, in the background on the hill). The two women on the same plate at the right are Lobos, also the mountaineer (22° east from Me-Kong) from Vun-Nan fig. 7); and a repreSentative of a related race, north from the lake of Ta-Lee in the same south-west province of China, is shown in the 1\Ian-tse, Plate 55 (jig. 4). Man-tses are also seen on Plate 58 (fig. 1, the three standing at the left on the hill).