Skull.—The form of the skull is in general broad and high (p1. 21, fig. 3), the back of the head sometimes flattened, sometimes curved (measurements: Dyaks: breadth, 75; height, 77. Macassars of Celebes: breadth, 78; height, 78. Madurese: breadth, 82; height, 82). The cheek bones are broad and high, mostly projecting, the root of the nose always lying deep, sometimes artificially pressed in, the nose itself full and fleshy, sometimes curved (pl. 21, fig. ro), the mouth thick and large (pl. 21, figs. 3, 6; pi. 22, figs. 15, 16, 21; pl. 28, figs. r, 2). Piercing the ear-lobes, sharpening the incisor teeth, and also artificial shaping of the skull are general customs. Circumcision is rare in Malaysia, but a very simple form prevails in Madagascar.
Costume.—The dress of the Malagassies is shown on Plate 2S (figs. 3, 13, 14). In Malaysia it is of different kinds, consisting, among the more civ ilized peoples of the West, of wide pantaloons, which often reach but to the knee and are worn only by the men; of the sarong, a piece of cloth which is fastened skirt-like around the waist; of a jacket, which only the men wear, and a kerchief for the head (pl. 21, figs. 3, 4, 7, 8; pl. 22, fig. IS). The Tagalas dress somewhat differently (pl. 26, fig. r). A fez-like cap (pl. 21, fig. 12; Pl. 24, fig. 2) is usual in Western Malaysia. The uncivilized tribes are more or less nude, with the exception of a loin cloth and the head-kerchief (p. 22, figs. 21, 22; P. 23, fig. 1; _Pi. 24, fig. 3; 26, fig. 2; pl. 27, 23); other particulars are shown by our plates. They have different ornaments for different festivals, at the most solemn of which they also have the upper part of the body nude (pl. 21, figs. 2, 12). Tattooing is now practised only among the uncivilized tribes; for instance, the Dyaks (p7. 22, fig. 2r; pl. 23, fig. r).
Architecture: Temples and the architecture of the Malays should be excellent is but natural, considering their high state of culture. The large and magnificent stone temples of Java are famous (p1. 22, fig. I). Their dwelling-houses are made of wood, the walls gen erally of bamboo matting, and the roofs of straw or leaves. Form and details are shown in our plates (p7. 22, figs. 20, 22; p7. 23, figs. i, 6; N. 25, figs. 1-7; p7. 26, figs. 2, background, IS; pl. 27, fig. 25; pt. 23, figs. 3, 14). The entire house-or, at least, the projecting roof-rests on wooden pillars. The dwellings of persons of rank arc generally adorned with carving (pl. 27, fig. 25); they contain several apartments besides an outlying kitchen. There were also wooden fortifications erected on the mountains (p7. 23, jigs. 2, background, 6).
Agriculture, Food, and is highly developed; rice, spice, coffee, tea, sugar, maize, and innumerable other plants are cultivated-in some places, however, only for individual use. Some
implements are shown on Plate 22 (figs. 3, 4), Plate 27 (figs. 1, 2, 4, 9, The chief food of the East Malaysians is sago. They crush the pulp of the ripening stem with a hard-wood club to which a flint top is attached (p7. 24, fig. 7). The pulp is then cleansed and strained through a sieve (pl. 24, fig. 4), and is baked in small earthen stoves. Rice in various preparations (pl. 24, fig. 9) and fish are staple articles of food; meat is eaten more rarely, although cattle-breeding is quite extensively conducted, and the buffalo, for instance, is employed as a draught and working animal. As stimulants they use opium, tobaccb, spirits, and, above all, the betel-nut, the leaf of which, together with the nut of the areca palm and a little chalk, they continually chew; all these they carry with them in neat boxes. Besides what has been mentioned, the Malays have very many utensils and movable articles, as is to be inferred from their varied technical ingenuity. They have many sorts of table-ware of some degree of fineness (pl. 24, fig. 6; /57. 26, figs. 13, 14).
Industrial are skilled in spinning, from yarns (X 25, fig. 5) up to ship cables (pl. 26, fig. 15); in all kinds of weaving, dyeing in high colors, leather fabrics (pt. 22, fig. 2), metal-working, and espe cially in filigree ornaments, carvings, etc. ; also in mining and different mechanical trades. Bamboo canes and cocoanut-shells are much used, the former as receptacles for water (pl. 24, fig. 6); and they have also vessels of other materials (p. 27, fig. 20), boxes, etc. (p7. 24, fig. 8). Plate 28 (fig. 14) represents female slaves of the Malagassics carrying water in bamboo canes. The cocoanut-shell is carved into spoons, vessels, etc. 22, fig. I r ; pl. 26, figs. 5, 6, 7, 13).
The Malaysians have many earthen and metal vessels of different sizes and for various purposes, but the tampajans of the Dyaks (pl. 23, fig. 4) demand especial mention. These are large glazed receptacles of very ancient and probably Asiatic origin, decorated at the top with the figure of a lizard or a dragon, and supposed by the Dyaks to possess wonderful virtues and to be of divine origin. For this reason fabulous prices are paid for them. Among the industries of the Malaysians, iron smelting is noteworthy on account of the peculiar bellows employed (pl. 24, fig. I; pi. 27, fig. 12), and they are also skilful in metal-boring (pl. 27, J. 13). A primitive gnu-barrel borer is seen on Plate 27 (fig. 14); the massive iron beam is set in the ground, and two boys turn the arms of the lever of the borer, to which a sack of stones gives the necessary weight.