care is given to the construction of their weapons, especially to their favorite kris, a long sword-like dagger, which is carried in the belt without a sheath, and without which no Malay of rank goes forth (pl. 21, figs. 2, 8, 9, To, 12; pl. 22, figs. IS, 2i; P. 23, fig. 3; p1. 26, fig. 3; 27, figs. 3, 5, 6, 7, 8). Only a few peoples of the East (Bugis, pl. 26, fig. 2; Tagalas) have bows and arrows; in the other parts of Malaysia these are replaced by blow-guns with poisoned arrows (pl. 27, figs. 17-19), spears, which are sometimes thrown from peculiar slings (p1. 28, fig. 6), clubs, maces (pl. 28, fig. 7), (p1. 21, fig. 8; P. 22, fig. 2 i ; pl. 23, figs. I, 3; 151. 26, figs. 1, 2, 3), wooden shields (pl. 23, fig. 1); and firearms are now in general use. They manufacture a coarse kind of powder (p1. 28, fig. 12, powder horn).
Malaysians have ships of all kinds, from the simplest skiff without outrigger to the three-master of the Malays of Malacca, and of different European models, which these .people have now adopted. Their smaller vessels have generally the outrigger, which seems to be an ancient Malayan invention. From the abundance of material we select but one illustration (p1. 26, fig. 17). Some of the Malaysians live alto gether on their boats. From all this it is not surprising that trade throughout Malaysia should be very important; people of the highest rank engage in it. Plate 27 (fig. 23) shows how lively the mercantile places of the remotest districts arc. Voyages to New Guinea and Northern Australia are not unusual.
Fine Arts and Afusical 1113117171101/S.-Their art-works also deserve notice. Painting and sculpture are not so remarkable, although they paint much and characteristically, as is shown by the superb head of Buddha now in the Munich Glyptothek, which is from Java (p1. 22, fig. 14). It as well as their temple architecture shows Indian influence. On the other hand, their music is of indigenous growth. Besides flutes of all kinds (fi/. 24, fig. io; comp. also the expanding Pan's flute, pl. 28, figs. 8, 9), drums, and long bamboo sticks, which they strike, they have gongs and wooden or metal basins of different sizes, frequently several small ones being hung in a frame (p1. 21, fig. ii); further, they have trumpet-like and guitar-like instruments (p1. 28, fig. 1o), which last are struck with metal rods; and violin-like instruments, the metal strings of which are played with bows (pl. 27, figs. 1o, II; pl. 28, fig. io).
Vocal Poet;}, and Entcrlainincias.—They also have fine voices and correct ears, and sing much, often during entire nights, in domestic entertainments or at dances and festivities. They also sing when at work, especially when rowing, and, though their songs are monotonous, they often sound quite agreeably. Singing is inseparable from their poetry.
Even their dramatic performances, which are chiefly executed by women in masks (p1. 22,fig. 12) and concluded with a marionette play col 22, fig. 13) or show, are often sung. Naturally, such representations are to be found only among the most advanced peoples of these regions. The poet composes his melodies himself. Their poetry is plentiful. They have long epic poems about the deeds of their ancestors, hymns about the crea tion of the world, etc., and a quantity of short, four-lined, generally linpro vised lyric poetry, the so-called fianluns. They also enliven life by their games, which are innumerable (for instance, pi. 26, fag. 16); among others, they are passionately fond of cockfights (p1. 26, fig. 1).
Social life is regulated by very strict etiquette and highly developed politeness. In the larger places all, men and women, can read and write Arabic, and several alphabets have been invented or adapted by these peoples. There can be no doubt as to the high intellectual capa bilities of the Malaysians.
Matrimony.—There are three kinds of matrimony: in the first the hus band buys the wife; in the second both are equal; in the third the husband is a sort of servant to the wife. Rank, nobility, and property are trans mitted through the wife, on whom, though she generally stands below the husband and is often ill-treated, all relationship is based; and this is politically- of the greatest importance. Polygamy is permitted. Marriages are performed with ceremony and with festal pomp (pl. 21, fig. 2). The family life is affectionate, though infanticide is frequently practised. The naming of a child gives occasion for a feast, at which, in some neigh borhoods, ablution with water takes place. The feasts are chiefly relig ions, though they are given for other reasons—for example, after conva lescence—and they are expensive, since eating and drinking constitute their chief features.
Go?ernment.—The earliest constitution of Malaysia was, like that of Polynesia, patriarcho-religions, so that the king and the noble families exercised a despotic power. This has been almost entirely retained among the Hovas, and it is further shown in the peculiar language which in some places the common people are obliged to use to the nobles, and in the court-costume, which in ancient Tahiti as well as in Java requires the upper part of the body to be nude (p1. 21, fig. 12). The people of rank have, of course, the comforts and luxuries of life more plentifully than the lower classes; for instance, only they possess the precious tampajans, and (in Borneo) they are carried in special sedan-chairs (pl. 23, jig. 5). But many of the old customs have been moderated or abolished by Moham medan and Christian influence.