b. Provincial (satraps, pashas, procon suls).
B. According to division of public power.
1. Governments in which the three great functions of public power are separate; viz., the legislative, executive, judiciary. If a distinct term contradistinguished to centralism be wanted, we might call these co-operative governments.
2. Governments in which these branches are not strictly separate, as, for instance, in our government, but which are nevertioe less not centralized governments; as Re publican Rome, Athens, and several mo dern kingdoms.
C. Institutional government.
1. Institutional government comprehending the whole, or constitutional government. a, Depntative government.
b. Representative government.
aa. Bicameral.
bb. Unicameral.
2. Local self-government. See V. We do net believe that any substantial self-gov ernment can exist without au institu tional character and subordinate self-gov ernments. it can exist only under an in stitutional government (see Lieber's Civil Liberty and Self-Government, under "In stitution"). • D. Whether the state is the substantive or the means, or whethef the principle of socialism or individualism preponderates.
1. Socialism, that state of society in which the socialist principle prevails, or in which government considers itself the substan tive ; the ancient states absorbing the in dividual or making citizenship the highest phase of humanity; absolutism of Louis XIV. Indeed, all modern absolutism is socialistic.
2. Individualism, that system in which the state remains acknowledged a means, and the individual the substantive ; where primary claims, thi/At is, rights, are felt to exist, for the obtaining' and' protection of which the government is established,—the government, or even society, which must not attempt to absorb the individual. The individual ie immortal, and will be of another world ; the stale is neither.
III. According to the descent or transfer of su preme power.
A. Hereditary governments.
Monarchies.
Aristocracies.
Hierarchies, etc.
B. Elective.
Monarchies.
Aristocracies.
Hierarchies.
C. Hereditary—elective—governments, the rulers of which are chosen from a certain' family or tribe.
D. Governments in which the chief magistrate or monarch has the right to appoint the suc cessor; as occasionally the Roman emperors, the Chinese, the Russian, in theory, Bonaparte when consul for life.
IV. According to the origin of supreme power, real or theoretical.
A. According to the primordial character of power.
1. Based on jos divinum.
a. Monarchies.
6. Communism, which rests' its claims on a. jar/ or extra-political claim of society.
c. Democracies, when proclaiming that the people, because the people, can do what they list, even against the law; as the Athenians once declared it, and Napoleon. HI. when he de sired to be elected president a second time against the constitution.
2. Based on the sovereignty of the people.
a. Establishing an institutional govern ment, as with us.
b. Establishing absolutism (the Bona parte sovereignty).
B.. Delegated power.
1. Chartered governments.
a. Chartered city governments.
b. Chartered companies, as the former great East India Company.
C. Proprietary' governments.
2. as Egypt, and, formerly, Algiers.
3. Colonial government with .ounatitution and high amount of self-government,—a government of great importance in mo dern history.
V. Constitutions. (To avoid too many subdivisions, this subject has been; treated here separately. See II.) Constitutions, the fundamental laws on which governments rest, and which determine the re lation in which the citizen stands to the govern ment, as well as each portion of the government to the whole, and which, therefore, give feature to the political society, may be : A. As to their origin.
1. Amami:dative; as the constitutions of Englaod or Republican Rome.
2. Enacted constitutions (generally, but not philosophically, called written constitu tions).
a. Octroyed constitutions (as the Frenoh, by Louis XVIII.).
b. by the people, as our con stitutions. [" We the people charter governments • formerly governments chartered the liberties of the people."] 3. Pacts betwept two parties, contracts, as Magna Chats, and most charters in the Middle Ages. The medieval rule was that as• much freedom was enjoyed as it was possible' to conquer,—expugnare in the true sense.